<p>The Veterans Monument, also called the War Between the States Veterans Memorial, in Linden Grove Cemetery of Covington, Kentucky was built in remembrance of both Union and Confederate veterans of the American Civil War. It is one of only two memorials in the Commonwealth of Kentucky that celebrate soldiers of both sides of the conflict. The American Legion dedicated the monument on May 30, 1933, which was that year&#39;s Memorial Day.</p><br>
<p>The monument is built so that presentations could be held on its top, presumably for Memorial Day celebrations, and is the only monument to the War in Kentucky that is a platform. It is also the only monument to the War in Kentucky that uses the phrase "War Between the States". The structure is five feet high, twenty-one feet long, and nine feet wide. It is constructed of concrete and limestone, with a hollow center for presenters. At each corner of the monument are similar engaged columns with concrete caps. An inscription is on a stone plaque on the north face. Steps on the south side allow for access on top of the monument. On the east side is an American Legion seal made of brass, denoting who built the monument.</p><br>
<p>Cannons have been placed on the east and west sides of the monument, which are not of the 1860s era.</p><br>
<p>On July 17, 1997, it was one of sixty-two different monuments to the Civil War in Kentucky placed on the National Register of Historic Places, as part of the Civil War Monuments of Kentucky Multiple Property Submission. It is within a few feet of the GAR Monument in Covington, which was also on the same MPS, but was built four years earlier.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Army of the Republic Monument, in the Linden Grove Cemetery of Covington, Kentucky, was built in 1929 by the O. P. Sine of Garfield Post No. 2 of the Grand Army of the Republic, a group comprising the remaining veterans of the Union army.</p><br>
<p>This was the second memorial built by the Grand Army of the Republic in the commonwealth of Kentucky, with the first being built in Kentuckys capital city of Frankfort, Kentucky, the Colored Soldiers Monument in Frankfort. Most GAR monuments are built in courthouse squares, but both in Kentucky are in cemeteries. By the time interest in building such memorials to the Civil War had waned; most G.A.R. had been built long before Covingtons. It is the only monument related to the war in Kentucky shaped like a sarcophagus. It measures three feet high, three feet tall, and is ten feet long. It is made of concrete, and was painted white.</p><br>
<p>Most monuments to the War in Kentucky were made to honor Confederate soldiers/veterans/memories. Though many regions in the state were pro-Union during the war, by Reconstruction Kenton County, Kentucky was one of the few places in Kentucky where sentiment was still decidedly pro-Union, which is why the Grand Army of the Republic chose Covington in particular for this monument.</p><br>
<p>On July 17, 1997, it was one of sixty different monuments to the Civil War in Kentucky placed on the National Register of Historic Places, as part of the Civil War Monuments of Kentucky Multiple Property Submission. It is a few feet from the Veteran&#39;s Monument in Covington, which was also on the same MPS, but was built four years after the G.A.R. Monument was.</p><br>
<p>Rim Drive is a scenic highway in Crater Lake National Park in southern Oregon. It is a 33 mi loop that follows the caldera rim around Crater Lake. Because of its unique engineering and the surrounding park landscape, the drive was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Crater Lake lies inside a caldera created 7,700 years ago when the 12,000 ft high Mount Mazama collapsed following a large volcanic eruption. Over the following millennia the caldera filled with rain water forming today’s lake.</p><br>
<p>In 1886, William Gladstone Steel accompanied a United States Geological Survey party led by Captain Clarence Dutton to survey Crater Lake. During the visit, Steel named many of the lake&#39;s landmarks including Wizard Island, Llao Rock, and Skell Head. The lake’s natural beauty made a great impression on Steel. As a result, when he returned from the survey expedition, he began advocating that Crater Lake be established as a national park.</p><br>
<p>On 22 May 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt signed the bill making Crater Lake the Nation&#39;s sixth national park. The United States Department of the Interior was charged with developing road access and visitor services for the park. This was a difficult job because of the park’s remote location at the summit of the Cascade Mountains. By 1905, a "steep and tortuous" road to the crater rim had been completed. This access road was essential for the future development of the park.</p><br>
<p>In 1913, Congress appropriated funds for the USA Army Corps of Engineers to construct a road around Crater Lake. The initial road survey identified the northern end of Munson Valley, three miles (5 km) south of the rim, as the best site for the road crew&#39;s seasonal headquarters and supply depot. Not only was Munson Valley a central location, the surrounding area provided timber for constructing support facilities. However, World War I slowed down road construction.</p><br>
<p>The road around the lake was finally finished in 1919. In July of that year, the National Park Service assumed responsibility for maintaining the new loop road known as Rim Road. The roadway was only 12 ft wide and had other serious limitations including sections of road with grades as steep as ten percent. As a result, a major upgrade was needed soon after the original road was completed.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>One of the main goals of the Rim Drive construction project was to blend the road into the natural environment. This was successfully accomplished. The road is built with gentle curves and there are no switchbacks despite the rugged terrain. Rustic stone guardrails were constructed along curves, at drainages, and at most of the Rim Drive viewpoints. While the observation points and turnouts provide spectacular views of the lake, the road itself cannot be seen from most of the observation points. Because of its unique history, engineering, stone masonry, associated hiking trails, and scenic vistas of Crater Lake, Rim Drive was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on 30 January 2008. In addition, the American Automobile Association has cited Rim Drive as one of the ten most beautiful roads in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Route</h2><br>
<p>Heading northwest from the Crater Lake National Park headquarters in the Munson Valley Historic District, it is three miles (5 km) to Crater Lake rim and the Rim Village visitor area which is also a historic district. The Sinnott Memorial overlook is located in Rim Village. Leaving Rim Village, the speed limit is reduced to 35 mi/h. Visitors reach the Discovery Point viewing area in just over one mile (1.6 km). From there, it is five miles (8 km) to the junction with the North Entrance Road. Between these two way points visitors pass over the 7,350 ft West Rim Summit. The section of Rim Drive between Rim Village and the North Entrance Road is known as West Rim Drive. This part of the road is used heavily during the summer because it is the direct route between the park’s north and south entrances and passes by the Rim Village visitor area and the park headquarters at Munson Valley. It also offers classic views of Crater Lake and Wizard Island along the way.</p><br>
<p>Beyond Cleetwood Cove, on East Rim Drive there are a series of seven turnout-parking vista points. These turnouts retain almost all of their original stone masonry and offer spectacular views of Crater Lake. The first of these view points is located above Grotto Cove, about halfway around the lake from Rim Village. The next viewing area is Skell Head, about a half mile from Grotto Cove. The next five vista points are spread over the approximately seven miles. These stops are Cloudcap, Cottage Rocks, Sentinel Point, Reflection Point, and Kerr Notch. Each site provides a unique view of the lake and surrounding landscape include Mount Scott.</p><br>
<p>The final two miles (3 km) of Rim Drive passes by the Castle Crest Wildflower Garden. The half mile long Castle Crest Nature Trail takes visitor through a wetland wildflower meadow. The wildflower display is at its peak in July and August. Rim Drive terminates a half mile from the Castle Crest parking area, at the Munson Valley Road junction near the park headquarters and visitor center.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Rim Drive has two access points. The south access begins at the park headquarters in the Munson Valley Historic District sixty miles north of Klamath Falls, Oregon. The road to Munson Valley is open year-around. However, snowfall in the park is heavy and winter storms make driving in the Crater Lake area unpredictable.</p><br>
<p>In the Crater Lake area, winter lasts eight months with an average snowfall of 533 inches (1,354 cm) per year, and many snow banks remain well into the summer. While the park headquarters and visitor center at Munson Valley and the Rim Village cafeteria are open year-around, Rim Drive is only open during the summer due to the heavy snowfall. In most places, the road is covered by more than 20 ft of snow with drifts as deep as 60 ft in some areas. Sensors buried in the roadway help snow removal crews locate the center of the road under the accumulated snow.</p><br>
<p>During the summer, the National Park Service charges a $15 fee (effective May 2015) for private passenger vehicles entering the park. Commercial vehicles are charged between $25 and $200 depending on the vehicle&#39;s capacity.</p><br>
<p>The Growler Mountains is a 23-mile,  long north-south trending mountain range of far western Pima County, Arizona that lies 12 mi west of Ajo, Arizona. This desert region of southern Arizona lies in the north and central Sonoran Desert, and is one of the drier desert areas of North America.</p><br>
<p>The highest peak of the Granite Mountains is Unnamed at 3,294 ft and is located in the south; Growler Peak is located at the north end of the range at 3,029 ft.</p><br>
<p>The Growler Range has the distinction of being on a water divide between two northwest-draining washes to the Gila River. The Growlers are at the headwaters of Growler Valley west of the range which is the southeast drainage to the San Cristobal Wash. The north end of the range is south and southwest of Childs Valley which is part of the Tenmile Wash Drainage. The two drainages are at the beginning of the Gila Rivers turn from going south-to-west and exiting southwest Arizona with its confluence with the Colorado River at Yuma, Arizona-Winterhaven, California.</p><br>
<h2>Location, and points of interest</h2><br>
<p>The Growler Mountains are located in the east end of the Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge; the south end of the range abuts the northern perimeter of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, famous for scenery, and wildflowers in wet winters, and also the Organ Pipe Cactus. The center of the range is 12 miles west of Ajo, Arizona and State Route 85, and the northern end of the range lies about 40 mi south of Sentinel, Arizona on Interstate 8 by unimproved dirt road. Summer conditions of high temperature and no water make dirt road travel dangerous at the height of summer.</p><br>
<p>The Growler Mountains are located at 32.2428-N, 113.0279-W.</p><br>
<p>The Governor Stephen Hopkins House is a museum and National Historic Landmark at 15 Hopkins Street in Providence, Rhode Island. The house was the home of Stephen Hopkins, a governor of Rhode Island and signatory of the Declaration of Independence.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Stephen Hopkins House is an L-shaped, 2½-story, wood-framed structure whose main block was built in 1742–43 for Hopkins, with an attached two-story ell whose first floor dates to 1707. The main block is four bays wide and two deep, with the main entrance in the second bay from the left. This entry is a 20th-century alteration; the original main entrance was through a doorway on the west side of the ell.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the main block has the main parlor on the right and Governor Hopkins&#39; study on the left, flanking a central hallway with stair. Behind the parlor is a keeping room, with a small bedchamber behind the study. There are five bedrooms on the second floor, two with fireplaces. The downstairs fireplace mantels are paneled, with the one in the parlor slightly more elaborate.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The 1707 house was purchased by Stephen Hopkins in 1742 and enlarged into its present size. It served as his home until his death in 1785. During these years, he served in the colonial assembly, as a justice (first associate, then chief) of the colonial high court, and as governor of the Colony of Rhode Island from 1755 to 1757. The house is the only significant structure associated with Hopkins&#39; life.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1920s, the house was carefully restored by Norman Isham. It is now owned and managed by The National Society of the Colonial Dames of America and is a museum open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The Stephen Vincent Benét House, commonly referred to as Benét House, is a historic house on the Summerville campus of Georgia Regents University in Augusta, Georgia. The house was built 1827–29 as the Commandants House of the Augusta Arsenal, and is a much-altered example of Federal period architecture. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1971 for its association with the Pulitzer Prize-winning writer Stephen Vincent Benét , who lived here in the 1910s. The house, which housed the official residence of the Augusta State University for a time, presently houses the Summerville campuss office of admissions.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Benét House is centrally located on the Summerville campus of Georgia Regents University, and is one of a cluster of buildings that formerly made up part of the Augusta Arsenal. It is a two-story brick structure, built on a side hall plan, with a two-story porch wrapping across the front and around one side. The building&#39;s interior includes finishes from all periods of its occupation, and its exterior has also been added to and altered several times.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1827–29, after the federal government decided to move the Augusta Arsenal to this location. The arsenal played a key role in the American Civil War, when it was used by the Confederate Army, and again in the Spanish–American War. In 1911 Colonel J. Walker Benét was appointed its commandant, bringing with him is son Stephen. Stephen Benét lived here until 1915, and it is where he began his writing career, as well as being the only major surviving structure known to be associated with his life. Benét is best known for the 1928 poem John Brown&#39;s Body, for which he was awarded the 1929 Pulitzer Prize, and the class 1937 short story "The Devil and Daniel Webster".</p><br>
<p>The Growler Valley is a valley of south-central Arizona west of Ajo, Arizona.</p><br>
<p>Growler Valley is a 65-mile (105-km) long valley paralleling the Growler Mountains on the east-(attached to the Little Ajo Mountains), and the Granite Mountains on the west.</p><br>
<p>The Growler Wash transits the valley northwesterly, and turns west to meet the San Cristobal Wash at the north end of the Granite Mountains. The Growler Valley is the southeast portion of the San Cristobal Wash Watershed and drains from the north perimeter of the Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument. Drainages south flow into northern Sonora, Mexico. The northwesterly-flowing San Cristobal drainage disappears into the ground before reaching the Gila River Valley.</p><br>
<p>The Growler Valley & Growler Mountains are located at 32.2428-N, 113.0279-W.</p><br>
<h2>Access to Growler Valley</h2><br>
<p>The closest access points to the Growler are by dirt road from Ajo, Arizona on State Route 85. Central areas of the valley are by dirt road through the central Growler Mountains west of Ajo, about 30 mi; the south of the valley and the north of the National Monument are 25 mi southwest. The north of the valley is accessed from State Route 85 through the Childs Valley at about 45 mi.</p><br>
<p>The Oberaletsch Glacier  is a valley glacier on the south side of the Bernese Alps, in the canton of Valais. It had a length of 9 km with an average width of just under 1 km and an area of about 22 km&sup2; in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The Oberaletsch Glacier system consists of two approximately equal arms. The eastern one takes its starting point on the south western flank of the Aletschhorn at around 3,700 m, and joins the western arm (Beichgletscher) in the valley at the foot of the Nesthorn. Then the glacier flows to the south-east towards the Aletsch Glacier without reaching it. The glacier tongue ends at around 2,150 m. During the Little Ice Age in the middle of the 19th century the glacier was part of the Aletsch Glacier.</p><br>
<p>The Swiss Alpine Club Oberaletschhütte (2,640 m) is above the junction of the two glacier arms and has been accessible to hikers since 2005 with a new trail from Belalp.</p><br>
<p>The area of the Oberaletsch Glacier, along with the Aletsch Glacier, was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in December 2001.</p><br>
<p>The Lower Grindelwald Glacier  is a Glacier in the Swiss Bernese Alps, situated to the south-east of Grindelwald. It start below the Agassizhorn and the Strahlegghörner and is connected with the Finsteraar Glacier via the Finsteraarjoch .</p><br>
<p>The Lower Grindelwald Glacier yet has a major tributary, the Ischmeer (Swiss German for Ice Sea, formerly known as Grindelwald-Fiescher Glacier, Grindelwald-Fieschergletscher), which is the glacier overlooked by the Jungfrau Railway&#39;s Eismeer railway station.</p><br>
<p>The Lower Grindelwald Glacier was about 8.3 km long and covered an area of 20.8 km&sup2; in 1973. The glacier has significantly shrunk since, having a length of just 6.2 km in 2015, with most of the retreat (1.9 km) happening since 2007.</p><br>
<p>In the middle of the 19th century it clearly reached in to the valley of Grindelwald as far as Mettenberg at an altitude of 983 m, an eastern quarter of Grindelwald, near the conjunction of the Schwarze and Weisse Lütschine! In 1900 it still reached as far as Rote Fluh (1,200 m) and filled the entire valley of its current end, the glacier lake, with a thinkness of about 300 m up to an altitude of 1,700 m, just below the current hiking path around the Bänisegg. Around 2000 it still reached in to the gorge between the Hörnli (Eiger) and Mättenberg.</p><br>
<p>The Lower Grindelwald Glacier should not be confused with the Upper Grindelwald Glacier, situated to its north-east. The Grindelwald-Fiescher Glacier should not be confused with the like-named Fiescher Glacier, to the south of the Fiescherhorn.</p><br>
<p>Cow Island is a 26 acre island in Casco Bay, Maine, off Great Diamond Island, about 3 mi northeast of downtown Portland, and is part of the Town of Long Island in Cumberland County. A non-profit youth development organization called Rippleffect owns the island and has the responsibility to protect the island&#39;s natural ecosystem as well as the island&#39;s public access.</p><br>
<h2>Fort Lyons</h2><br>
<p>The remains of a 1907 military installment called Fort Lyons are located on the Rippleffect side. Rippleffect has converted these ruins into its core on-island facility, an eco-friendly campus where it runs human development programs There are several other military installations scattered around the island, including, near the center of the island, a large pill-box under which are two tunnels that appear to have been used to store ammunition and supplies.</p><br>
<p>Chieftains Museum, also known as the Major Ridge Home, is a two-story white frame house built around a log house of 1792 in Cherokee country . It was the home of the Cherokee leader Major Ridge— notable for his role in negotiating and signing the Treaty of New Echota of 1835, which ceded the remainder of Cherokee lands in the Southeast to the United States. He was part of a minority group known as the Treaty Party, who believed that relocation was inevitable and wanted to negotiate the best deal with the United States for their people. The chiefs had agreed they could not go to war against the United States on the removal issue, but most other Cherokee opposed Ridge and the Treaty Party. He and some other members of the Treaty Party were murdered after removal to the Cherokee Nation in Indian Territory for having ceded the tribe&#39;s communal lands, as this was considered a capital crime.</p><br>
<p>Major Ridge&#39;s first house here was small and built of handhewn logs, in the dogtrot style. He made later additions to formally enclose the dogtrot and added extensions at each side, creating a white wood-frame two-story house. This was the big house of his busy 223-acre plantation, the property of which extended to the banks of the Oostanaula River, upstream of its confluence with the Etowah River, which forms the Coosa River. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The Major Ridge Home was purchased for preservation by the Junior League of Rome. In 1971 it was adapted for use as a historic house museum, known as the "Chieftains Museum". In 2002 the museum was designated by the National Park Service as an official site on the "Cherokee Trail of Tears National Historic Trail," which had been established in 1987. The building was renamed as Chieftains Museum / Major Ridge Home in his honor. The museums exhibits focus on Major Ridge and 19th-century Cherokee life and culture. Ridges plantation had extended to the river, which he used for travel and transportation of his cotton to market. An eight-acre area along the river is now part of Riverside Park in Rome, Georgia.</p><br>
<p>College Hill, also known as George Walton House, Harper House, or Walton-Harper House, is a historic house at 2216 Wrightsboro Road in Augusta, Georgia. It was built in 1795, and was the home George Walton, a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, from then until his death in 1804. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971. It is a private residence, and is not open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Walton House is located on the south side of Wrightsboro Road, about 2 mi west of downtown Augusta. It is set on a secluded 6 acre estate, all that is left of the 100 acre it was originally associated with. It is a two story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof, clapboard siding, and a pair of brick chimneys near the ends. The main facade, seven bays wide, is adorned with a two-story veranda, the sections each consisting of a segmented arch supported by slender square columns. Entrances at each level are located at the center, with flanking sidelight windows and pilasters, and fanlight windows above.</p><br>
<p>In 1787, the state of Georgia granted George Walton 100 acres outside Augusta for his services to the state. Walton had "College Hill" built on this land in 1795, moving there from Meadow Garden. The house has been in the hands of his descendants (named Harper) since then. Walton served the state in a variety of important capacities: trained as a lawyer, he served in the Continental Congress (1776–81) and in the Georgia militia, in whose service he was captured by the British during the 1778 Capture of Savannah. Exchanged and released, he was soon afterward elected Governor of Georgia, an office he held from November 1779 to January 1780. He also served as the state&#39;s Chief Justice, and in a second term as Governor 1789-80. He died at College Hill in 1804.</p><br>
<p>Adarra  is a mountain south of the city of San Sebastian in the Basque Country. It is a popular peak with the local residents. The mountain is flanked on the north by the minor summits of Oindi or Onddi  and Onddo  to the south, all of them located at the top of a long mountain range of modest height between the Urumea and Leitzaran valleys, which extends south right to the edge of the Navarrese town of Leitza.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and vegetation</h2><br>
<p>The mountain stands on the westernmost end of the Pyrenees. Outcrops of slate, sandstone, conglomerates, red silt and other materials can be found on the peak, largely from the Paleozoic Era and Mesozoic Era.</p><br>
<p>On its eastern slopes, patches of indigenous forest and vegetation abound, while on the western side (especially on the way down to Leitzaran) pine tree used for logging prevails. Grassland strips used for grazing sheep and horses interspersed with forest are common.</p><br>
<h2>Prehistoric monuments</h2><br>
<p>The mountain and the whole area show several examples of megalithic art, for the most part small monuments which are common on the Atlantic basin of the Basque Country, dating from the Neolithic and Bronze Age. 34 stone circles, four dolmens, three cists and two menhirs can be found locally, dating from the megalithic era.</p><br>
<p>According to the anthropologist Jose Miguel Barandiaran, legend states that the Basque mythological giant Sanson got angry with a crowd of people dancing in Arano, so he intended to kill them. Yet when he was about to hurl a stone at them from the mountain Buruntza, he slipped on cow dung and the stone fell short on this spot, resulting in the current stone of Eteneta.</p><br>
<p>The ancient remains of a man buried with a dog and lamb were unearthed in a local cavern, dating from around 4,000 BC. The surroundings of the cavern are currently somewhat in a poor condition due to a polluted stream nearby.</p><br>
<h2>Events</h2><br>
<p>Early on New Years Day, people of all ages, the bravest of whom had been celebrating the night before, pour into Adarra to see the sunrise or just to start the year in a good way. Some people may carry music instruments, including a trikitixa, tabor and pipe, etc to enliven the atmosphere.</p><br>
<h2>Access points and trails</h2><br>
<h3>Besabi</h3><br>
<p>The main access point lies at the farmstead-turned-inn Besabi. In order to get there by car, starting from a T junction at the road GI-311 (Andoain-Urnieta), the minor road GI-3121 leads to the hamlet Xoxoka, where turning left the road GI-4721 heads to Besabi. A car-park is located at the end of the road. A cement paved track gradually gains height until a farmhouse with a yard. A wooden barrier opens the way into a beaten mud trail with a steady inclination across the forest.</p><br>
<p>A stream is crossed and height is gained slowly out of the forest on to the fields. Overcoming the last south-bound stretch to the summit does not take very long, but it is demanding. Right before the summit heaps of stone in a karst terrain cover the trail.</p><br>
<p>For the descent, walking down the southern side of Adarra the Col of Eteneta is reached, where a prehistoric (menhir) rises proud. This spot has been for ages a landmark for shepherds. Turning direction and heading northwest, the meadows give way to bushy landscape and a patch of narrow paths, soon merging into one. The trails cut through the western side of Adarra until the beech forest of the ascent is again attained.</p><br>
<p>Another option back consists of heading down from Adarra straight to the north, the pass of Mantale is reached south of the Aballarri rocks (small dolmen and other vestiges around).</p><br>
<p>The trail opens its way out of the rocks, then a dramatic slope leads down to a concrete track that heads west back to Besabi.</p><br>
<h3>Leitzaran</h3><br>
<p>From Andoain, the GI-3091 road penetrates into the valley Leitzaran along the river. The former rail course has been arranged as a green way for bicycles and pedestrians. After a tunnel is passed a narrow signposted trail twists up out of the main track among pine trees.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Walton Hall is a country house in Walton, Warrington, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building. The hall and its surrounding garden and grounds are owned and administered by Warrington Borough Council.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1836–38 for Sir Gilbert Greenall, 1st Baronet, brewer and Member of Parliament.</p><br>
<p>In 1869–70 the house was extended and offices were added by the Lancaster architects Paley and Austin. The extension included a new wing with a tower, containing a billiards room and rooms for guests, and a new entrance on the east front. The house and grounds were purchased by Warrington Corporation in 1941. The gardens were opened to the public in 1945. Most of Paley and Austin&#39;s extension was demolished in about 1990, but the tower was retained.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is built in brown brick with stone dressings and slate roofs. The east front has 2½ storeys and two wide bays with bay windows, two crow-stepped gables and three pinnacled octagonal buttresses. The entrance (north) front has a projecting porch. The clock tower to the west has four stages, the top stage containing the clock, and surmounted by a lead-roofed cupola and large weather vane. The south face has a mullioned and transomed window and three crow-stepped gables.</p><br>
<h2>External features</h2><br>
<p>The retaining wall, balustrades and steps between the lawns east of the hall are listed at Grade II. Also listed at Grade II are the former lodge to the hall, and its associated gates, gatepiers and screens.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>The gardens and grounds are open to the public. Close to the hall are formal gardens, and a children&#39;s zoo. A group known as the Friends of Walton Estate assist in the care and management of the estate. Each year the Warrington Disability Partnership organise a Disability Awareness Day in the grounds. Inside the hall, function rooms are available for hire, and there is a concert room. The Friends of Walton Hall Music Society organises a series of chamber music concerts in the concert room. The hall is also available for weddings. The property was used for the exterior shots in the filming of the BBC drama series Our Zoo.</p><br>
<p>The Centennial National Bank is a historic building in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Designed by noted Philadelphia architect Frank Furness and significant in his artistic development, it was built in 1876 as the headquarters of the eponymous bank that would be the fiscal agent of the Centennial Exposition. The building housed a branch of the First Pennsylvania Bank from 1956 until Drexel University purchased it. Drexel renovated it between 2000-2002 and now uses it as an alumni center. The Centennial National Bank, described as "one of the best pieces of architecture in West Philadelphia," was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Centennial National Bank opened for business in January 1876, shortly before its permanent building was constructed the same year. Architect Frank Furness, who had just parted ways with business partner George Hewitt, received the commission due to personal connections with the directors. The bank obtained a monopoly over handling ticket receipts and currency exchanges for the Centennial Exposition, which opened on the Fourth of July to celebrate the 100-year anniversary of American independence, and operated a branch on the fairgrounds. It continued to operate as the only national bank in West Philadelphia for decades, and the building remained in use as a bank branch until it was vacated by the First Pennsylvania Bank between 1965 and 1971. Drexel University purchased the building, using it primarily as office space and later to house university&#39;s alumni center.</p><br>
<h3>Design and construction</h3><br>
<p>The bank was chartered on January 19, 1876, to finance Philadelphias coming-out on the world stage, the Centennial Exposition. The Exposition was the first Worlds Fair held in North America and its opening day, July 4, coincided with the 100-year of American independence. Its first president was Clarence Howard Clark, Sr., a financier and West Philadelphia resident and developer.</p><br>
<p>Clark hired Frank Furness, whom he had met in Unitarian circles, to design the bank&#39;s headquarters building. (Furness likely also knew bank co-founder Samuel Shipley.) He had worked previously on one of his most successful bank designs, the Guarantee Trust and Safe Deposit Company, with his partner George Hewitt. However, the partnership dissolved in the fall of 1875, leaving the firm without a mechanical engineer. The Centennial Bank was the first major project Furness took on afterward.</p><br>
<p>Strategically located at the corner of 32nd and Market streets, a building on the site would terminate the line of sight along the diagonal Lancaster Avenue, which led to the Exhibition grounds in West Fairmount Park. This is reflected in the entrance Furness designed, which cuts the corner to face Lancaster. The site was perfectly positioned to attract fair-goers&#39; business, as Furness anticipated. By April 1876, construction was complete and the building was in operation.</p><br>
<h3>Use as a bank</h3><br>
<p>During the Centennial Exposition, a branch operated on the fairgrounds and handled the collection and accounting of ticket revenues, as well as currency exchange.</p><br>
<p>By 1900, the bank remained the only national bank in West Philadelphia, posted profits of $274,392, and was directed by some of Philadelphia&#39;s "best known and most reputable business men.</p><br>
<p>In 1956, the building came to be occupied by the First Pennsylvania Banking and Trust Company as its "Centennial Branch." First Pennsylvania was still listed as the owner in 1965 but by 1971, the building stood vacant and was controlled by the Philadelphia Redevelopment Authority.</p><br>
<h3>Reuse</h3><br>
<p>The building was acquired by Drexel University around "the time of the Bicentennial," and was reported in 1986 to be "a dingy maze of Drexel University administrative offices" for which Drexel was trying to find renovation funding. The plan was to turn it into a museum. Instead, after a renovation, it was rededicated in 2002 as the "Paul Peck Alumni Center," to house the university&#39;s alumni relations center, meeting spaces, and an art gallery showing pieces from the university art collection.</p><br>
<p>Drexel used the bank in 2012 to host an exhibit of Frank Furness&#39; commercial architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Centennial National Bank&#39;s Venetian Gothic</p><br>
<p>Shortly after construction, the building was described in an architectural magazine:</p><br>
<p>The method for making the "brilliant glass tiles" referred was invented by Furness himself. Glass was painted on the inward side, backed by a layer of gold leaf and then a layer of tin foil to hold the gold in place. This created colorfully reflective glass often used to suggest nature, as in floral ornamentation. In addition to the Academy and the Centennial National, Furness used them in his Brazilian Court at the Centennial Exhibition, but not thereafter. Similar attempts at ornamental glass making were being carried on during the mid-1870s by John LaFarge and Louis Tiffany.</p><br>
<h3>Alterations</h3><br>
<p>Its interior was modified in 1893 and again in 1899, when Philadelphia architect Frank Miles Day built a rear addition that followed Furness&#39;s style.</p><br>
<p>In 1956 its single floor was split in two, and the exterior was simplified, as designed by architect Bud Ross.</p><br>
<p>The building was renovated in 2000-02 (under Voith & Mactavish Architects) to make it an alumni center for Drexel University, at a cost of $4 million.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>The bank was included in the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1965, as part of the National Park Services Mission 66 program. The National Register nomination cited the buildings architectural and commercial significance, calling it "a significant work of architecture, one of the major surviving works of Frank Furness, one of the major examples of Victorian architecture in Philadelphia and one of the best pieces of architecture in West Philadelphia."</p><br>
<p>Vanhankaupunginselkä  is a bay area which together with parts of adjoining Viikki district constitute a natural conservation zone near downtown Helsinki in the southern part of Finland. The area is listed in Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, is part of European Union&#39;s Natura 2000 program and is also listed as BirdLife International&#39;s Important Bird Area.</p><br>
<p>Geographically the area lies east of Helsinki peninsula and is surrounded by the districts of Hermanni, Arabianranta, Viikki, Herttoniemi and Kulosaari. The Vantaa River ends at the north end of Vanhankaupunginselkä.</p><br>
<p>Although the area appears to be either land or water on various maps or satellite pictures, it is largely marsh-like, impassable either on foot or on boat. Most parts of the area are covered with man high reeds, which will prevent use of boats, while the subsoil beneath the reeds is soft and muddy, thus preventing passage on foot.</p><br>
<p>However, for the purposes of walking between the reeds the City of Helsinki has constructed some duckboards, which permit the visitors on the area to walk between the reeds. While these duckboards permit the visitors to walk between the reeds, the duckboards are just two to four planks wide, which require the visitors to apply appropriate caution in general and while passing other visitors. During times of higher water, the duckboards can be submerged in whole or in part, while in winter, the boards can be warped or destroyed by ice.</p><br>
<p>As for the bird species in the area, 285 different species have been observed on the area. Out of these species, 114 have nested on the area during last 10 years.</p><br>
<p>When the species of area are considered, certain species rare in Finland nest at the area. Examples of these are western marsh harrier, Eurasian bittern, white-backed woodpecker, red-backed shrike, ortolan bunting and black woodpecker.</p><br>
<p>As for other species, various predators like hawks and owls are frequently observed on the area.</p><br>
<p>The rules applicable to visitors of Vanhankaupunginselkä are fairly strict. As per the instructions printed on the signs all over the area, visitors on the area are not permitted to move between the reeds while the area is unfrozen, collect or damage the foliage or distribute animals in general. In addition, fishing is not permitted at the area, nor is walking unleashed dogs or horse riding. Furthermore, as Vanhankaupunginselkä is frequently visited by persons interested in nature, informal social control is strict. Littering, loud behavioural and comparable activities are typically strongly condemned.</p><br>
<p>The visitors can commute to the area either by cars, trams or busses. The tram number 8 has its final stop few hundred meters out of area and various locations near the area offer ample parking space.</p><br>
<h2>Birds at Vanhankaupunginselkä and Viikki Area</h2><br>
<p>Ednor Gardens-Lakeside is a large community in northeast Baltimore, Maryland. It is bounded by 33rd Street to the south, Hillen Road to the east, and Ellerslie Avenue to the west. Ednor Gardens was part of a large planned community that was built out from the 1920s through the 1950s by Edward Gallagher, one of Baltimore&#39;s most prolific homebuilders at the time. It is notable among its neighbors for the quality of the homes and extensive landscaping. Until it was torn down in 2002, Memorial Stadium  was located in Ednor Gardens-Lakeside.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The entire Ednor Gardens-Lakeside community is located on the former estate of General Samuel Smith, who fought in the Revolutionary War. The property was later transferred to the Garrett family, who owned the B&O Railroad and were one of Baltimore&#39;s most powerful families in the 19th century. When Robert Garrett died in 1896, he ceded 1,400 acres of the property to his widow, Mary Garrett. In 1923, Mary Garrett (who had since remarried) sold a 49-acre parcel to Edward Gallagher, a prominent real estate developer, for $146,299. Other transactions occurred until Gallagher controlled much more land. Gallagher named his new development Ednor Gardens, for his two sons, Edward and Norman, by taking the first few letters of their names.</p><br>
<p>Gallagher set out to build rowhomes unlike anything that had been built in Baltimore to date. He was inspired by the stately English-style mansions in nearby Guilford and Roland Park, but wanted to create a more affordable option. The solution was to incorporate the unique styling into a rowhouse. The first homes rose on East 36th Street in 1925. Unlike many other housing developments at the time, there was no streetcar access to Ednor Gardens, so Gallagher built rear-access garages into every house, correctly predicting the coming of the Automobile Age. The unique houses were popular and sold quickly, leading other prominent developers to copy the English style in new projects around the city.</p><br>
<p>Development of Ednor Gardens-Lakeside continued through the 1930s, 40s and 50s. Newer rowhouses, which were built north and east of the original Ednor Gardens development, were constructed of brick and lacked the decorative qualities of English-style homes nearby. In the early 1930s, Gallagher was sued by another developer, Frank Novak, who had built some detached single family homes in the Lakeside community next to Lake Montebello. Believing that Gallaghers&#39; rowhouses caused his property to depreciate, Novak won the lawsuit and forced Gallagher to build detached homes on land adjacent to Lakeside.</p><br>
<p>Despite changes in surrounding communities during the latter half of the 20th century, Ednor Gardens-Lakeside remained relatively stable.</p><br>
<h2>Memorial Stadium Redevelopment</h2><br>
<p>The first stadium at the site was built in 1922 and was called Baltimore Stadium or Venable Stadium. It hosted a variety of smaller events, most notably college football games. It became the home to the Baltimore Orioles in 1944 when the team&#39;s previous stadium in Abell burned down. In 1950, the stadium was expanded to become Memorial Stadium. At its largest, Memorial Stadium seated 65,000 fans. The Orioles played their last game at the stadium in 1991 before departing for the newly constructed Oriole Park at Camden Yards in downtown Baltimore. The Baltimore Stallions and Baltimore Ravens football teams played at Memorial Stadium between 1994 and 1997. Memorial Stadium was demolished in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The demolition of the stadium and its parking lots left a giant 32-acre hole in the center of the Ednor Gardens-Lakeside community. The City awarded a nonprofit developer, Govans Ecumenical Development Corporation (GEDCO) the responsibility of creating and executing a new master plan for the site. The development, christened Stadium Place has an oval-shaped road around the center of the parcel, with a multipurpose athletic field for baseball, football and lacrosse in the middle. The field was developed the Cal Ripken Sr. Foundation. As of 2013, Maryland&#39;s largest YMCA sits on the southwest corner of the site, and GEDCO has built four large senior apartment buildings on the eastern edge of the site. Future plans call for more senior apartment buildings and a small commercial center on the southeast corner.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>As of the 2010 Census, there are 5,185 people living in Ednor Gardens-Lakeside</p><br>
<p>The community association is named the Ednor Gardens-Lakeside Community Association. The homes range from large single family homes to semi-detached and townhouses in a number of different styles. A majority of homes are owner-occupied.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>According to the 2000 US Census, 5,070 people live in Ednor Gardens-Lakeside with 81.3% African-American and 16% White. The median family income is $54,358 and 94% of the houses are occupied and 84.5% of those are occupied by the home&#39;s owner.</p><br>
<h2>Government Representation</h2><br>
<p>Kosmaj  is a mountain south of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. With an elevation of 626 meters, it is the highest point of the entire Belgrade City area and is nicknamed one of two "Belgrade mountains" .</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Kosmaj, is located 40 kilometers south-east of Belgrade. Entire area of the mountain belongs to the Belgrade City area, majority of it being in the municipalities of Mladenovac and Sopot, with eastern slopes being in the municipality of Grocka, and northern and north-western extensions in the municipalities of Barajevo and Voždovac.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>It is speculated that the mountain was named after the Celtic word cos meaning woods, and maj pre-Indo-European word meaning mountain. Alternative explanations suggest the connection to the ancient mountain-dwelling Slavic pagan deity Kozmaj/Kasmaj, the protector of woods, animals and the cosmos. The mountain has never been known under any other name, until it was forcefully molded by the Romans into "Casa Maias", house of Maia, in order to promote worship of their goddess of spring among the locals.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is 5.5 kilometers long and built of flysch, serpentine, and magmatic rocks. The highest peak is also named Kosmaj. It is a low, island mountain, the second northernmost in Šumadija region (after Avala). Until 600,000 years ago, when the surrounding low areas were flooded by the inner Pannonian Sea, the Kosmaj was an island, just as the neighboring mountains (Avala, Fruška Gora to the north, etc.), thus earning its geographical classification. The Kosmaj remains an island mountain as the plateaux around it are low and mostly flat. In the north it extends into the direction of Trešnja, the southernmost extension of the Avala, while in the north-west it extends into Parcanski vis ("Parcani rising"), 408 meters high ending section of the Kosmaj, which extends into the woods of Lipovička šuma.</p><br>
<p>The Kosmaj is source of several rivers. Turija river (and several of its tributraries, including Sibnička reka), which springs right below the mountain and flows to the west into the Kolubara River. Other originate below the Parcanski vis: Lug (or Veliki Lug) which flows to the east into the Kubršnica, Ralja also flows to the east into the Jezava, outflow of the Velika Morava, and Topčiderka which flows to the north, into the urban center of Belgrade.</p><br>
<h2>Human history</h2><br>
<p>In Roman period, Kosmaj was an important mining center, but today the mining activities ceased completely. Evidence suggest that the iron ore was extracted even in the pre-Roman period.</p><br>
<p>In July 2000, during the excavations for the new sports complex in Babe, a spring was discovered in the valley of the Pruten creek. The new Pruten spring has a capacity up to 40 l/s and by 2011 a waterwork was constructed which supplies the villages of Babe, Stojnik and Ropočevo, so as the complex itself, with the water from this spring. Moreover, during the excavation, a hidden entry into the vast complex of Roman mines was discovered, too, being obscured for centuries. There are evidence of the extraction of silver, iron and lead. In the 3rd century AD, the Kosmaj mines were one of the most important in the Roman Empire, and were administered by the Roman procurator Babenius, whose name is preserved in the name of the Babe village. In the 1970s and 1980s, experts from the National Museum in Belgrade explored the area and discovered many mining necropolis, centered around the villages of Babe, Stojnik and Guberevac. It is estimated that there are some 100 ancient mining shafts on Kosmaj, which go 2 km below the ground and are 25 km wide. After the Roman period, mining activities ceased, only being revived in the Medieval Serbia.</p><br>
<h2>Settlements</h2><br>
<p>Except Mladenovac (23,609 inhabitants by the 2011 census of population) on the south-eastern slopes, other settlements, though numerous, are smaller, barely exceeding 2,500 inhabitants. They include Rogača (953), Drlupa (532), Dučina (729), Ropočevo (2,628), Sopot (1,920), Nemenikuće (1,992), Stojnik (567), Babe (348), Guberevac (535), Ralja (2,933), Parcani (619) (in the municipality of Sopot), Amerić (835), Koraćica (1,989), Velika Ivanča (1,532), Pružatovac (859) (in the municipality of Mladenovac), Barajevo (9,158) and Lisović (1,054) (in the municipality of Barajevo).</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<h3>Plants</h3><br>
<p>Together with the Avala, the island of Veliko Ratno Ostrvo and the wood of Stepin Lug (and with forests of Košutnjak and Topčider to be added soon), the Kosmaj is a part of the circle of the protected green areas of Belgrade.</p><br>
<p>The Kosmaj remained highly forested, over 70%, mostly by the deciduous (beech and oak), and to the lesser extent, coniferous woods. Altogether, 600 plant and 300 fungi species inhabits the mountain, including the endangered larkspur (Delphinium phissum) which is on the Red List. Some 150 plant species are medicinal or edible and 5 are under the strict protection. Cleared areas are mostly used as pastures or are being cultivated as orchards and vineyards.</p><br>
<h3>Animals</h3><br>
<p>There are 17 newly discovered species of Sesiidae and it is believed that this is their only habitat in Serbia.</p><br>
<p>Animals inhabiting the mountain include 50 mammal and 100 bird species, including the more common hares, roes, pheasants, foxes, partridges and quails but also in Serbia rare, Red Listed corn crake. Wolves, once living on Kosmaj, are extinct from the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The Kosmaj is touristically well prepared for hiking, cycling and touring historic and religious landmarks. It has a hotel, mountaineering camp, villas, etc. Proximity of Belgrade and mountains gentle slopes, glades and woods are a basis for the touristic economy. Latest addition, since the mid-2000s is a modern, vast resort complex of "Babe", near the village of the same name. Hunting tourism is also an opportunity, because the mountain is rich in game. Several monasteries are located in the mountains downhill: "Tresije", "Kastaljan" (in ruins) and "Pavlovac", all over 600 years old. There is a mineral spa on the southern slopes, near the village of Koraćica (Koraćička banja). There are two monuments on the top of the mountain, one dedicated to the fallen soldiers of the World War I, the other to the soldiers of the Yugoslav Partisan "Kosmaj Partisan detachment" from the World War II.</p><br>
<h2>Monasteries</h2><br>
<h3>Kastaljan</h3><br>
<p>Build in the early 14the century, during the reign of the king Stefan Dragutin, on the foundations of the former Roman castrum from the 3rd century. The trade caravan route passed next to it. During the reign of despot Stefan Lazarević large konaks for the travelers were built. The monastery, dedicated to the Saint George, is today in ruins. A liturgy among t he ruins is being held every year on the Đurđevdan.</p><br>
<h3>Pavlovac</h3><br>
<p>The Pavlovac monastery was built by despot Stefan Lazarević, sometime between 1415 and 1419. Serbian Orthodox Church officially adopted 1417 as the construction year and in July and August 2017 celebrated monastery&#39;s 600th anniversary. In the vicinity of the monastery are remains of the Roman cemetery, and the area was the favorite hunting ground of despot Stefan. The monastery is dedicated to the Translations of Relics of Saint Nicholas. It was named after the nearby, today non-existing, village of Pavlovci. The village and the monastery were mentioned in the letter which despot Stefan sent to the Republic of Ragusa on 21 November 1424. As the monastery was situated on the road leading to Belgrade it was often damaged by the advancing armies. After the collapse of the Serbian Despotate in 1459, it was razed by the Turks. The monastery is mentioned in the 1536 census of the villages in the Belgrade Nahiyah, sub-division of Sanjak of Smederevo. One of the last services, held by the fleeing Serbs from during the Great migration of Serbs before crossing the Sava and Danube into Austria, was held in Pavlovac in 1690. The monks remained in the monastery which was then razed and burned by the Turks. Archaeological works and protection of the monastery began in 1967 and it was fully resored in 1990. That same year the monks returned to Pavlovac.</p><br>
<p>The design of the monastery differs from the typical style of the day. The central object in the complex is the church with the square based narthex, which can be classified as the representative of the Morava architectural school. Surrounding the church were the konak, the dining room with the monastic cells and the kitchen, all in ruins today. Of the konak, in the northern part of the monastery ground, only foundations survived, and the restoration is planned. The church was built in the unusual way, from the large slabs of stone positioned vertically while the hollows of the walls were filled with the trpanac stone, smaller rock pieces. The style of the entire complex is the mix of the local style and the maritime style from the Adriatic (Kotor and Dubrovnik). The monastery was declared a cultural monument.</p><br>
<h3>Tresije</h3><br>
<p>The Tresije monastery was built by the king Stefan Dragutin in 1309. It was dedicated to the archangels Michael and Gabriel and named after the nearby stream of Tresije. It was demolished and rebuilt several times. It was rebuilt soon after the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć was restored in the 16th century. It had 10 monks, which was a rarity at the time, and despite the Ottoman rule, the monastery managed to preserve its relics and was quite distinguished. It was rebuilt in 1709 by the brethren of the Rakovica monastery, but was demolished already in 1738. At the end of the 18th century it was demolished and the reconstruction began in 1936. It was not finished due to the World War II and after the war, new Communist authorities took the materials from the monastery to build a hotel in the vicinity. Construction of the new konak began in 1991 and the foundation stone was placed by Princess Elizabeth of Yugoslavia. In 2009 a celebration of the monastery&#39;s 700 years was held. The monastery is dedicated to the Holly Archangels.</p><br>
<p>The Jefferson County Courthouse is an historic Classical Revival style courthouse building located in Monticello, Florida. Built in 1909, it was designed by Georgia-born American architect Edward Columbus Hosford, who is noted for the courthouses and other buildings that he designed in Florida, Georgia and Texas. The builder was Mutual Construction Company of Louisville, Kentucky whose bid for the project was $39,412.</p><br>
<p>It was modeled on President Thomas Jefferson’s famous house, Monticello, for which the town is named.</p><br>
<p>The motto, Suum Cuique, Latin for To each his own, which is inscribed over the doors of the courthouse, is jokingly pronounced Sue ‘em quick by some local residents.</p><br>
<p>The building is a contributing property in the Monticello Historic District, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 19, 1977</p><br>
<p>Breed Street Shul, also known as Congregation Talmud Torah of Los Angeles or Breed Street Synagogue, is an Orthodox Jewish synagogue in the Boyle Heights section of Los Angeles, California. It was the largest Orthodox synagogue west of Chicago from 1915 to 1951, and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>Congregation Talmud Torah started in 1904, using rented quarters in downtown Los Angeles, at 114 Rose Street. It was started primarily as a Hebrew school ("Talmud Torah" is typically used to mean a supplemental afternoon religious school, though it was also used as a synagogue).</p><br>
<p>Within a few years, the immigrant population moved, concentrating in Boyle Heights. Several Jews purchased a house at Breed and First, and started using it as a shul. By 1914, the Rose Street location was nonviable, for lack of a quorum, and the membership merged with the new Breed Street group. In 1915, they purchased a lot two blocks north, and commissioned a new wood-framed building on the present site. It became known as the "Breed Street Shul." The original shul on the site was designed by O.M. Warner and constructed by Bornstein & Cohn.</p><br>
<p>Enrollment grew, and by 1918, a second structure was needed on the lot. By 1923, there were 110 students enrolled.</p><br>
<p>The Jewish population grew from a few hundred in 1910, to 1,842 in 1920, to more than 10,000 in 1930.</p><br>
<h2>Construction of the existing structure</h2><br>
<p>As the size of the congregation grew, a new synagogue was built, designed by the architectural firm of Edelman and Barnett. The original wood structure was moved to the back of the lot to make room for the new brick structure which opened in 1923. The new synagogue was built from unreinforced masonry with veneer brick and cast stone embellishments on the facade. The facade includes alternating bands of dichromatic brickwork, "dense prickly foliage carving, other organic motifs and Stars of David in bas relief cast stone detail.</p><br>
<h2>Role in the Boyle Heights community</h2><br>
<p>The Boyle Heights section of Los Angeles, located east of downtown, was home to the city&#39;s most populous Jewish community from 1910 to 1950. The area around Breed Street Shul became a center for the Jewish community. The business district on Brooklyn Avenue (renamed Cesar Chavez Avenue in 1995) just north of the Shul was the location of many kosher butchers, bakeries, delis, bookstores and other shops catering to the Jewish community. The Breed Street block where the Shul was located also became home of the Los Angeles Jewish Academy (now part of Yavneh Academy) and Mount Sinai Clinic (a forerunner of Cedars-Sinai Medical Center).</p><br>
<p>In 1945, Rabbi Osher Zilberstein of Breed Street Shul opened the city&#39;s first Jewish parochial elementary school. When Israel was established as an independent nation in 1948, Breed Street Shul was the site of a solemn ceremony in which the new flag of Israel was flown for the first time in Los Angeles.</p><br>
<h2>Dispersal of Boyle Heights Jewish community</h2><br>
<p>In the years after World War II, the Jewish community in Boyle Heights dispersed, moving to areas such as the West Fairfax District, Beverlywood, and Encino. Rabbi Zilberstein remained at Breed Street Shul until his death in 1973. Many families, including those of Jewish Veterans of WWII, went east across the L.A. River to the San Gabriel Valley.</p><br>
<h2>Vacancy and deterioration</h2><br>
<p>The main brick building was vacated in the mid-1980s due to seismic retrofit requirements. Services were moved to the original wooden structure at the rear of the lot for several years. By 1996, services ceased at Breed Street Shul, and the buildings have been vacant since that time. Boyle Heights in recent years has been a predominantly Hispanic community. The shul became extremely ramshackle after its vacancy. Graffiti covers the walls and the pews and internal woodwork have been destroyed.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation and proposed restoration</h2><br>
<p>In 1988, the building was designated as a City of Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument. The building fell into disrepair in the 1990s, and the City of Los Angeles foreclosed on the property after recording an assessment for barricading and protection. In 1998, Hillary Clinton visited the Shul as part of her Save America&#39;s Treasures campaign. In July 2000, the City quitclaimed the property to Breed Street Shul Project, Inc., a subsidiary of the Jewish Historical Society of Southern California. The organization plans to rehabilitate the buildings as a county museum, educational and cultural center. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Rabbis</h2><br>
<p>Solomon Michael Neches, 1921–1935</p><br>
<p>Osher Zilberstein, 1935–1973</p><br>
<h2>Cantors</h2><br>
<p>Israel Reich, 1946-1953</p><br>
<p>The Henry Hooker House is a historic house at 111 High Road in the Kensington section of Berlin, Connecticut. Built about 1769 and subsequently altered, it exhibits the progressive adaptation of early houses by later generations. It was built by Elijah Hooker, a seventh-generation descendant of Hartford founder Thomas Hooker. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Henry Hooker House is located on the east side of High Road, opposite its junction with Simms Road. It is a -story wood-frame structure, five bays wide, with two narrow interior chimneys. It is covered by a gabled roof with broad eaves that have paired Italianate brackets, and a gabled dormer at the center of the front facade. The front entrance is sheltered by a gabled portico. The house was built c. 1769 by Elijah Hooker, a seventh-generation descendant of Hartford founder Thomas Hooker, and was last substantially modernized in the mid-19th century. These modifications are clearly evident in an architectural analysis, and include the removal of a large central chimney so that a then-fashionable central hall with broad stairway could be built. These modifications were undertaken by Henry Hooker, who owned a successful carriage making business.</p><br>
<h2>Henry Hooker</h2><br>
<p>Henry Hooker was the son of Saxa and Clarissa (Stocking) Hooker, and was born September 20, 1809 in Kensington, CT. He was a direct descendant of Thomas Hooker. On September 16, 1840, he married Charlotte Lum of the Squantic section of Oxford, Connecticut. Hooker was the head of the Hooker Carriage Company of New Haven, Connecticut. He had two children: Frank Henry Hooker, born in New Haven on January 11, 1843; and Norman Albert Hooker, born in New Haven on August 17, 1847. He died in Kensington on October 3, 1873. Mrs. Clarissa Hooker died on October 2, 1880 in the Kensington home at the age of 69.</p><br>
<p>The Bulloch County Courthouse is a historic courthouse that is located in downtown Statesboro, Georgia. It was built in 1894 to house the county government. On September 18, 1980, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>18th century</h3><br>
<p>Bulloch County was officially established on February 8, 1796. Bryan and Screven counties were the two counties that Bulloch County was created from by an act of the Georgia General Assembly. Bulloch County was named after Archibald Bulloch, who was Georgia’s first provisional governor from 1776 to 1777. In 1796 three men were appointed to be commissioners: Drury Jones, John Mikell and Israel Bird. They were in charge of finding a proper place to build the courthouse and the jail. In May 1797 the first Superior Court was held in Bulloch County at Stephen Mills’ home and continued to be held there until the courthouse was built. The fourth Mondays in April and October were the only two days that the superior court met each year. The inferior court, however, met every first Monday of the month. When Bulloch County first started having court, there were no local lawyers or judges. Bulloch County obtained its first lawyers and judges after the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>The justices of the inferior court that were appointed by the legislature in 1796 were Israel Bird, John Rawls, and James Bird. The justices of the peace included John Douglas, John Everett, Robert Scott, William McCall, and Mark Pridgeon.</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>Benjamin Richardson, Drury Jones, Joseph Rogers, and John Everett, and Stephen Denmark are the justices of the inferior court that were appointed through 1800. Jarvis Jackson, Hardeman Richardson, and John O’Neil were the ones that succeed them in 1802. The justices would now be compensated for their services in 1802 because of an act that was passed. Bridger Jones was appointed in 1808 as justice. S. Williams and Jonathon Roberts were appointed as justices in 1810.</p><br>
<p>In 1803, in exchange for receiving 200 acre of land to build the courthouse, jail, and other public buildings, the Georgia General Assembly was to name the new county seat "Statesborough." Bulloch County did not have a courthouse until 1806. All of the court proceedings before 1806 were held in private homes or under the Old Walnut Tree. Statesboro did not grown any in the fifty years that it had been developed. It was just considered the place where court took place. On December 5, 1864 the 15th Corps of General William Sherman&#39;s army burned the courthouse. "Statesborough" was officially incorporated by the legislature on December 20, 1866. The name changed from "Statesborough" to "Statesboro."</p><br>
<p>The second courthouse was built shortly after the first courthouse was burned. It was a two-story wood frame structure on Courthouse Square.</p><br>
<p>The Bulloch Grand Jury decided in spring of 1894 to build a new courthouse. The two-story building was sold after the Grand Jury decided to build a new courthouse. By December 1894 the new courthouse was built. The total cost of the courthouse was twenty thousand dollars, which included furnishings.</p><br>
<p>In 1897, the Bulloch County community came together to buy and get a clock installed at the courthouse. It is also thought that the courthouse at one time had an open-flame system at the top of the building that was used in the hopes of raising the warm air out of the building up to the roof. The open flame system is thought to have been used for some years before being dismantled with no record as to its success in helping to cool the building.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>On April 26, 1909 the Confederate monument was dedicated. The Confederate monument is in memory of the Confederate soldiers who served from 1861 to 1865. The United Daughters of the Confederacy raised the money for the monument that presides on Court House Square.</p><br>
<p>The Bulloch County Courthouse and its square appear in the film 1969. In several scenes, the "B" in Bulloch County is changed on the courthouse to a "C" for the films "Culloch County." The former bank building now housing the Averitt Center for the Arts appeared in "1969" as a bus station. The courthouse square is also prominent in the films ending scene.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse was designed by Bruce and Morgan in 1894. It was renovated in 1914 in the Classical Revival and Queen Anne styles by Edward Columbus Hosford, who is noted for the courthouses and other buildings that he designed in Florida, Georgia and Texas. Columned porticoes and the large corner brick masses were added in 1914. Throughout the years, the courthouse went through many renovations that utilized different colors of brick, which might be why the exterior of the courthouse was coated with white plaster. By the 1990s, the county commission decided to restore the courthouse to its original condition. The restoration began in 1998. Some of the white plaster was professionally removed because the plaster contained asbestos, which posed a health risk. The rest of the white plaster that was not removed was just painted a red brick color. The restoration was completed in 2000. Martin, Rule and Associates, of Statesboro were the architects for this renovation in 1998 to 2000.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse is still in use. In the 1990s, the courthouse no longer had enough space for all of the functions that it normally provided; therefore, it expanded into the adjacent buildings around the courthouse. Also in the 1990s, Bulloch County built a judicial annex, which is located across the street from the courthouse. The county officers are now located in the former Statesboro First Federal Savings and Loan Association Building, and the courts and judges’ offices are located in the new annex.</p><br>
<p>Lago di Malciaussia is a reservoir situated at an elevation of 1,805 metres in the upper Valle di Viù in the north-west Italian province of Turin.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir was constructed in the 1920s and 1930s by damming the Stura di Viù, a tributary of the Stura di Lanzo, for the generation of hydropower. It is named after the locality Malciaussia—a frazione of the commune of Usseglio—which was submerged when it was filled.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking</h2><br>
<p>The valley road terminates at this lake which makes it a convenient starting point for walking and climbing in the high Alps. From here one can ascend Rocciamelone (3,538 m), via the alpine hut “Ernesto Tazzetti”. The routes to Monte Lera, Punta Costan and Punta Sulè start as well from the lake.</p><br>
<p>The Roanoke Apartments, also known as the Terrace Apartments, is an apartment complex listed on the National Register of Historic Places located at 1402 Maiden Lane in the Raleigh Court neighborhood of the independent city of Roanoke, Virginia, USA Designed by James F. Mactier and constructed by Paul A. Wood, the complex features seven separate buildings, each with brick facades, and is Roanoke&#39;s best example of the streamline moderne style developed in the early 1950s. Today the complex is noted for its ethnic diversity with its residents representing a wide array of religious and ethnic groups.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Completed in 1950, the complex was conceived and constructed to house the families of working class World War II veterans. Upon its completion, this became the largest apartment complex within the city of Roanoke. The overall layout of the complex reflects the principles of the Garden City Movement with the complex being set back from the main streets and the extensive landscaping and use of existing vegetation throughout the complex.</p><br>
<p>The buildings themselves exhibit streamline moderne architectural style in their form and details. These elements include horizontal banding of the brickwork, glass block panels and flat concrete canopies at the entrance areas.</p><br>
<p>Originally providing residence to Roanoke&#39;s working class, today the complex is noted for the diversity of its residents. In 1975, Southeast Asian refugees were housed at the apartments beginning a trend of the facility to serve as residences for refugees displaced to Roanoke. Today the complex is home to both working-class blacks and whites in addition to refugees from Somalia, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Albania, Bosnia, Afghanistan, Cuba, Sudan, Haiti and Iraq.</p><br>
<p>After being placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006, the local non-profit Total Action Against Poverty announced plans to fully renovate and modernize the facility while keeping its historic appearance intact. Costing an estimated $27 million to complete, with nearly $9 million coming from historic and low-income housing tax credits made available from its inclusion in the register, the first refurbished building was complete in September 2007. Upon its completion in 2009, the overall units will be reduced from 250 units to 201 units.</p><br>
<p>Kesher Israel  is a Modern Orthodox synagogue located in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C. The congregation is over 100 years old and its worshipers have included prominent politicians, diplomats, jurists, journalists, and authors. One of them, novelist Herman Wouk, called it "the best little shul in America"</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1910, six local Jewish merchants organized the Georgetown Hebrew Benevolent Society, which began to conduct religious services above a storefront on M Street, NW. which thus became the seventh synagogue organized in the nation&#39;s capital. In 1915, the congregation acquired, renovated, and began to meet in a premises at 2801 N Street, NW. The current synagogue building, which was constructed in 1931 on that site with a construction budget of $28,000, is a contributing property to the Georgetown Historic District, a National Historic Landmark, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The synagogue also administers two congregational cemeteries, one in Anacostia and the other in Capitol Heights, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>Kesher Israel is the last of the citys original pre-war Orthodox synagogues located in walking distance of downtown Washington. Beginning in the 1950s, as the local Jewish community grew exponentially, all the others relocated uptown or to suburban Montgomery County, Maryland. This demographic trend, coupled with the passing of the founding generation, reduced Kesher Israels membership in the 1960s to the point where it was difficult to ensure daily minyanim. The synagogue, however, experienced a renaissance beginning in the late 1970s, spurred by young urban professionals who were moving to Georgetown and nearby neighborhoods, including the West End, Foggy Bottom, Dupont Circle, Burleith, and even those further afield like Adams-Morgan, Kalorama and Rosslyn, across Key Bridge in Arlington County, Virginia. Its current membership now stands at approximately 250 families and singles. Kesher Israel also attracts many students enrolled at nearby Georgetown University and George Washington University.</p><br>
<p>Following the signing of the Camp David Accords in September 1978, members of the Israeli delegation to the subsequent Blair House negotiations, including Foreign Minister Moshe Dayan and Defense Minister Ezer Weizman, attended Kol Nidre services at the synagogue.</p><br>
<p>Kesher Israel attracted national media attention during the 2000 USA presidential election when a member, Senator Joseph Lieberman, was selected as the Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States. When the Senate scheduled important votes on Shabbat, Lieberman walked nearly 3 mi from the synagogue to the United States Capitol, a trek he made over 25 times during his Senate career.</p><br>
<h2>Rabbinic leadership</h2><br>
<h3>Early years</h3><br>
<p>After it was founded, the Georgetown Hebrew Benevolent Association hired Elias Stolar as "minister and Hebrew teacher" and "recognized religious leader." Born in Russia in about 1881, he was referred to as "reverend," a widely used title at the time for synagogue functionaries who were not ordained rabbis.</p><br>
<p>The synagogue&#39;s first spiritual leader was the Polish-born, British-trained Rabbi George (Gedaliah) Silverstone, who concurrently served Ohev Sholom Congregation (then located at 5th and I Streets, NW). He remained with both congregations until he announced his intention to make aliyah to the Land of Israel in 1923. While he made several return trips back to Washington after that, Rabbi Silverstone died in Jerusalem in 1944 and was buried on the Mount of Olives.</p><br>
<p>Rabbi Silverstone was a vice president of the Union of Orthodox Rabbis, a director of the Hebrew Sanitarium of Denver and the Hebrew Home for the Aged of Washington and a member of Bnai Brith. He also founded the first Talmud Torah in Washington and many of his sermons refer to the poor state of Jewish education. An active Zionist, he attended the Sixth Zionist Congress in 1903 as a delegate from Belfast before he emigrated to the United States.</p><br>
<h3>From 1925 to 1949</h3><br>
<p>The first rabbi named to lead Kesher Israel on an exclusive basis was Rabbi Jacob Aizer Dubrow, a Chabad hassid, who was appointed in 1925 and remained with the synagogue until his death in 1944 at the age of 64. Born in Žlobin in what is today Belarus, he was one of the original students of the fifth Lubavitcher rebbe, Sholom Dovber Schneersohn, at the Tomchei Temimim yeshiva in Lyubavichi, where he studied for seven years. After receiving semikhah, Rabbi Dubrow became the melamed of the son of the Skverer rebbe before becoming a rosh yeshiva in a town near Kiev. He then served as a rabbi and posek in a number of Ukrainian shtetlekh before leaving for Baltimore in 1924.</p><br>
<p>Rabbi Dubrows main focus was education. He instituted daily Talmud classes, both at the synagogue and at the Hebrew Home for the Aged, and an afternoon Talmud Torah for the synagogues children, hiring Rabbi Oscar Summer as their teacher. He was also one of four Washington rabbis who initiated the establishment of the city&#39;s first Jewish day school, the Hebrew Academy of Greater Washington (now known as the Melvin J. Berman Hebrew Academy). Rabbi Dubrow also organized a congregational hevra kadishah. He is remembered in Chabad for being instrumental in facilitating the wartime evacuation of the sixth Lubavitcher rebbe, Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn, from German-occupied Warsaw in 1940 by interceding, together with several rabbinic colleagues, with President Franklin D. Roosevelt and a number of senators.</p><br>
<p>Rabbi Dubrows first wife died after their arrival in the United States. He was survived by his second wife, five daughters and his only son, who had remained in the Soviet Union and would fall in battle as a soldier in the Red Army near the close of the war. Another married daughter had predeceased him. During his funeral at Kesher Israel parts of Pennsylvania Avenue, two blocks away, had to be closed off in order to accommodate the crowds that came to pay their last respects. Rabbi Dubrow bequeathed in his will that his personal library of religious books was to be auctioned off after his death and the money raised be donated to help support the poor of Jerusalem. Mention of this final act of charity was etched into his gravestone. He was buried in Kesher Israels Capitol Heights cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Rabbi Dubrow was succeeded by Rabbi I. Meckler (1945–1946) and Rabbi Sidney Shulman (1946–1949).</p><br>
<h3>From 1950 to 1988</h3><br>
<p>Rabbi Philip L. Rabinowitz was appointed rabbi of Kesher Israel in 1950. Born Jeruchom Fiszel Arje Rabinowicz in Łomża, Poland in 1920, he left home at the age of 18, with World War II looming on the horizon, to study at an American yeshiva, the Hebrew Theological College in Chicago, Illinois, where he would receive semikhah. An older brother emigrated to the Land of Israel in 1933 but his other relatives, including his parents, were murdered in the Holocaust.</p><br>
<p>At Kesher Israel Rabbi Rabinowitz focused on three objectives: to study and teach Torah, sustain the daily minyanim and watch over the welfare of his community. His home was always open to anyone in need, even strangers, and he helped assure that the community was spiritually enriched. He was instrumental in founding the Washington Beit Din (rabbinical court) and the Vaad HaKashrut, Greater Washington&#39;s kosher food supervisory body.</p><br>
<p>On the evening of February 28, 1984, Rabbi Rabinowitz, a 63-year-old widower who lived alone, was murdered in his West End home by an unknown assailant shortly after returning from Maariv. His bludgeoned body was found the next morning on the floor of his small study by four congregants whose concern was raised by his atypical absence from that morning&#39;s incomplete Shaharit minyan (had he attended, he would have been the tenth). It is presumed that the rabbi knew his murderer because he was always careful to peek out the window pane in order to check the identity of whoever rang his doorbell before opening the door. Moreover, while the door was closed and unlocked, there was no evidence of forced entry or robbery.</p><br>
<p>The case was never solved and remains open to this day.</p><br>
<p>An estimated one-thousand mourners attended Rabbi Rabinowitz&#39;s funeral held on the morning of March 1 at the synagogue, including the Israeli ambassador, Dr. Meir Rosenne, who delivered one of the eulogies. He was buried in Israel one day later next to his wife, who died unexpectedly from natural causes in 1979. He was survived by a son, a daughter, several grandchildren, and his brother.</p><br>
<p>An eruv encompassing Georgetown, adjacent neighborhoods and all of downtown Washington was established by the congregation in 1990 and named in Rabbi Rabinowitz&#39;s memory. The Hebrew Academy, where he taught from 1958 to 1979, named its Kollel Beit Midrash in memory of the rabbi and annually presents its Rabbi Philip Rabinowitz Memorial Award for Excellence in Limudei Kodesh to outstanding students.</p><br>
<p>Rabbi Rabinowitz was succeeded by Rabbi Rod Glogower (1985–1988).</p><br>
<h3>From 1989 to 2014</h3><br>
<p>Rabbi Dr. Barry Freundel was named to the pulpit of Kesher Israel in 1989. He would soon develop a reputation as "a brilliant scholar," a "profound" orator and an authority in several areas of halakha, including eruvim, which he assisted in constructing in a number of cities, including Washington.</p><br>
<p>In early October 2014 the lay leadership of Kesher Israel and the National Capital Mikvah, an independent facility located in an adjacent synagogue building that Freundel had been instrumental in founding in 2005, delivered to the police a suspicious clock radio that was placed in the mikvah shower room, disappeared and suddenly appeared again."Upon receiving information regarding potentially inappropriate activity, the board of directors quickly alerted the appropriate officials," the synagogue and mikvah boards wrote in a joint statement. "Throughout the investigation, we cooperated fully with law enforcement and will continue to do so."</p><br>
<p>On October 14, Freundel was arrested for recording women showering using the clock radio, which was equipped with a hidden video camera. He was suspended without pay upon his arrest and then fired. The synagogue board immediately directed its attention to the victims of his actions by arranging a support group led by a licensed psychologist and consultations with therapists, as well as organizing a closed community meeting with Cathy L. Lanier, Washington&#39;s chief of police.</p><br>
<p>On December 2, a student at Georgetown University Law Center, where Freundel taught a seminar on Jewish law, filed a lawsuit against Kesher Israel, as well as Georgetown University and the National Capital Mikvah. The unnamed student, who had written a term paper on the mikvah, seeks class action status and claims that the defendants turned a blind eye and failed in their responsibility to protect students from the rabbi, whose behavior she claims, was becoming ever more bizarre and who was mistreating women subjected to his authority. On December 18, a student at Towson University, where Freundel also taught, added her name to the lawsuit, claiming that Freundel encouraged her to take a "practice dunk" in the mikvah as part of her studies, even though she was not Jewish and had no interest in converting. She was joined by another woman who had been converting to Judaism under Freundel&#39;s auspices and who had likewise been encouraged by Freundel to take a "practice dunk." They added the Rabbinical Council of America as a defendant as well.</p><br>
<p>The synagogue board responded with this statement: "Kesher Israels leadership is deeply concerned about the harm caused by Rabbi Freundels actions—of which we did not and could not have known—and for the personal welfare of all those individuals who may have been violated. The lawsuits that were recently filed are completely without merit. Our energies remain focused on working towards healing our community and building a vibrant future for Kesher Israel."</p><br>
<p>Freundel ultimately pleaded guilty to 52 counts of voyeurism and was sentenced to six-and-a-half years in prison and fined $13,000.</p><br>
<h3>From 2015</h3><br>
<p>In July 2015 the congregation hired Rabbi Dr. Avidan Milevsky as its part-time interim spiritual leader. Milevsky, an associate professor of psychology at Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, was the author of five books and previously served as interim rabbi of Ner Tamid Greenspring Valley Congregation in Baltimore. The Milevsky family made aliyah to Israel a year later.</p><br>
<p>On March 16, 2017, the synagogue announced the appointment of a full-time replacement, Rabbi Hyim Shafner, who had been serving for the previous 13 years as a congregational rabbi in St. Louis. He formerly served for eight years as the Hillel chaplain at Washington University in St. Louis and, before then, worked for a year in the Jewish community in Mumbai, India.</p><br>
<h2>Notable past and present members</h2><br>
<p>Peter Beinart, political pundit and former editor of The New Republic</p><br>
<p>Laura Blumenfeld, journalist, author and USA State Department official</p><br>
<p>Dr. Marshall Breger, Ford, Reagan and George H.W. Bush administration official</p><br>
<p>Alex Brummer, British journalist, editor and author</p><br>
<p>Warren Cikins, Kennedy and Johnson administration official and member of the Fairfax County Board of Supervisors (deceased)</p><br>
<p>Dr. Jaime Daremblum, former Costa Rican ambassador to the USA</p><br>
<p>Peter Deutsch, former USA Representative from Florida</p><br>
<p>Norman L. Eisen, former USA ambassador to the Czech Republic</p><br>
<p>David G. Epstein, former law school dean and leading academic expert on bankruptcy</p><br>
<p>Eugene R. Fidell, president of the National Institute of Military Justice</p><br>
<p>Dan Glickman, former Secretary of Agriculture and USA Representative from Kansas</p><br>
<p>Linda Greenhouse, Pulitzer Prize-winning former Supreme Court correspondent of The New York Times</p><br>
<p>Tova Herzl, former Israeli ambassador to South Africa, ambassador to the Baltic states and congressional liaison at the Embassy of Israel in Washington</p><br>
<p>Jeff Jacoby, journalist and syndicated newspaper columnist</p><br>
<p>Lucette Lagnado, author and reporter for The Wall Street Journal</p><br>
<p>Frederick M. Lawrence, former president of Brandeis University</p><br>
<p>Jack Lew, former Secretary of the Treasury</p><br>
<p>Nathan Lewin, attorney, former USA Department of Justice official and former contributing editor of The New Republic</p><br>
<p>Joseph Lieberman, former USA Senator from Connecticut, and Hadassah Lieberman</p><br>
<p>Mark Mellman, Democratic pollster and political consultant</p><br>
<p>Dr. Jay Michaelson, writer and LGBT activist</p><br>
<p>Alfred H. Moses, former USA ambassador to Romania and Carter administration official</p><br>
<p>Andrew Schapiro, former USA ambassador to the Czech Republic</p><br>
<p>Kenneth R. Weinstein, president and CEO of the Hudson Institute</p><br>
<p>Mindy Weisel, abstract visual artist and author</p><br>
<p>Baruch Weiss, Washington attorney and former federal prosecutor</p><br>
<p>Leon Wieseltier,</p><br>
<p>Herman Wouk, Pulitzer Prize-winning author</p><br>
<p>Lopez Adobe, located at 1100 Pico Street in San Fernando, California, is one of the two oldest private residences in the San Fernando Valley. Built by early settlers of the San Fernando Valley a short distance from the San Fernando Mission, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<p>The Grand-Reopening of the property occurred on March 22, 2015 and is now open for public tours once every 4th Sunday of the month from 12-4 P.M.</p><br>
<h2>Geronimo and Catalina Lopez</h2><br>
<p>Geronimo Lopez had served as an army messenger in 1847 for Andrés Pico during the Mexican–American War, delivering the Articles of Capitulation to General John C. Fremont, that ended the war in southern Alta California. Catalina Lopez had grown up at the Mission San Fernando Rey de España, where her father once served as major-domo.</p><br>
<h3>Lopez Station</h3><br>
<p>Geronimo and Catalina Lopez purchased 40 acre of land near the Mission San Fernando in 1861 and built an adobe home along the Butterfield Overland Mail 1st Division, on the Stockton - Los Angeles Road wagon route that connected Los Angeles and San Francisco. The original adobe became known as Lopez Station.</p><br>
<p>The couple also operated the San Fernando Valley&#39;s first general store, its first English language school, and the first post office (in 1869) at the site.</p><br>
<p>One account of the early days of the San Fernando Valley noted the significance of the Lopez family:</p><br>
<p>In the late 1860s and early 1870s a traveler riding through the high wild mustard fields of the San Fernando Valley would find little evidence of people except for the mission, a few other adobes, cattle grazing in the fields and a stage house built by Geronimo Lopez and his wife, Catalina.... The Lopez family played an important role in the valley&#39;s development and were responsible for establishing the first post office and the first English-speaking school.</p><br>
<p>The original Lopez Station adobe was destroyed in the 1910s for the construction of the San Fernando Reservoir (later renamed Van Norman Reservoir), part of the then new Los Angeles Aqueduct system.</p><br>
<p>After the 1971 San Fernando earthquake the foundation was again exposed in the reservoir basin. It was later covered by the vehicle track when the Los Angeles Police Department built the Davis Training Center in the late 1990s.</p><br>
<h3>Lopez Adobe</h3><br>
<h4>19th century</h4><br>
<p>Between 1882 and 1883, the Lopez family built a larger adobe using 24-by-6-inch, sun-baked blocks. It is considered the City of San Fernando&#39;s oldest standing building.</p><br>
<p>It has been recognized for its blend of Mission Revival and Victorian architectural styles. Catalina Lopez designed the residence&#39;s Victorian features. The first local newspaper, the San Fernando Times, was printed in April 1889 from the Lopez Adobe.</p><br>
<h4>20th century</h4><br>
<p>Catalina Lopez died in 1918, and Geronimo Lopez died in 1921, at age 90. In 1928, several modifications were made to the house by one of the Lopez daughters, Louisa Lopez McAlonan. The balcony staircase was changed, and some rooms were divided to form apartments. Modern plumbing and electrical fixtures were also added at the time. The original shake shingle roof was also replaced by clay-tile roof.</p><br>
<p>Members of the Lopez family continued living in the adobe until 1961. The last Lopez to live in the adobe was another daughter, Kate Lopez Millen, who lived in an upper apartment from 1931 until shortly before her death in 1961. The property remained in the Lopez family until 1971.</p><br>
<h2>Purchase by the City of San Fernando</h2><br>
<p>The City of San Fernando announced plans to purchase the property from the Lopez family in 1970, but took more than a year to come up with the $70,000 purchase price. Plans to obtain a HUD grant fell through, and in early 1971, the owners imposed a deadline on the purchase, and indicated the building would be razed and the land cleared. When the adobe was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in May 1971, HUD finally agreed to provide a $40,000 historical preservation grant, and the purchase was completed in late 1971.</p><br>
<h2>Funding and operation as a museum</h2><br>
<p>The building was restored between 1974 and 1975 and opened as a historical site in 1975.</p><br>
<p>In 1982, more than 100 descendants of the Lopez family gathered at the adobe to celebrate its 100th anniversary. Geronimo and Catalina Lopez had thirteen children, nine of whom survived to adulthood.</p><br>
<h2>Historic significance and designation as historic site</h2><br>
<p>Though the City of San Fernando is the oldest town in the San Fernando Valley, the Lopez Adobe is all that remains of its early years. The authors of An Architectural Guidebook to Los Angeles observed: "The one remaining shred of the Victorian period is the Geronimo Lopez Adobe (1878) at the northwest corner of Pico Street and Maclay Avenue. It is two-story Monterey style with some pretty Queen Anne sawed gingerbread across the gallery. Otherwise, all signs of the old town have disappeared, except for the railroad." In the book, Historic Adobes of Los Angeles County, the author also makes note of the woodwork along the balconies: "One of the striking features of the house is that the upper and lower stories have verandas with hand cut wooden railings and a jigsaw pattern balustrade, which is painted in a turquoise blue. This beautiful house is furnished to reflect the period between 1883 and 1910."</p><br>
<p>The J. Paul Getty Trust gave a "Preserve L.A." grant to the adobe in 2002, and described the structure&#39;s importance as follows: "Built in 1882 for Mexican army officer Don Geronimo Lopez, the Lopez Adobe is an important example of California architecture during the transitional period following the decline of the missions and the extensive development of the Gold Rush era. Over the years, the Lopez Adobe has become a cultural icon for the city, and is one of the few historic structures to survive the earthquakes of 1971 (Sylmar) and 1994 (Northridge)."</p><br>
<p>The Lopez Adobe has been recognized as a significant historical site at both the state and national level.</p><br>
<p>In 1945, the adobe was dedicated as a State Historic Landmark. At the time, the Los Angeles Times reported: "Its architecture is Spanish California adobe, a two-story structure with overhanging balcony and outside stairway. It is the only remaining building of Old San Fernando."</p><br>
<p>In 1968, the building was registered with the State of California Office of Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<p>In 1971, the adobe was listed on the National Register of Historical Places.</p><br>
<h2>Closure following Northridge earthquake</h2><br>
<p>The adobe was damaged in the 1994 Northridge earthquake and was closed for three years while repairs were made. Repairs were delayed when officials from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) disputed the city&#39;s $230,000 estimate of repair costs and seismic upgrades. In April 1996, FEMA and city officials finally agreed on quake-repair funding of approximately $100,000, considerably less than the nearly $200,000 eventually spent on the work. City funds covered the rest of the cost.</p><br>
<h2>Recent years</h2><br>
<p>The adobe reopened in December 1997 with a ceremony that included seasonal songs, Mexican dances, and the lighting of the town Christmas tree.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, Congressman Howard Berman (D-CA) obtained $150,000 in federal funding for the historic preservation of the Lopez Adobe. Berman said at the time: "I pursued this funding, because the Lopez Adobe is a national treasure and deserves federal money to help with its preservation. This historic building is a source of pride for the City of San Fernando and the entire San Fernando Valley. I am pleased to play a role in helping to save it."</p><br>
<p>As of 2004, funding constraints prevented the city from opening the adobe more than one day per month. At that time, the adobe was open on the fourth Sunday of the month from 1 to 4 p.m. Despite years of fund-raising efforts, the city and preservation groups had managed at that time to collect only half of the $750,000 needed to restore the Lopez Adobe. This lack of funding prevented the property from being open for tours to the public from 2007-2015.</p><br>
<p>The Grand-Reopening of the property occurred on March 22, 2015 and is now open for public (docent-led) tours once every 4th Sunday of the month from 12-4 P.M.</p><br>
<p>The Worthington Ridge Historic District is a historic area in Berlin, Connecticut. It runs mostly along Worthington Ridge Road from the intersection of Mill Street  to Peter Parley Row. It is a road that contains several historic homes and a Civil War Monument. The road was on the path of the original Boston Post Road laid out in 1673, which later became the Hartford and New Haven Turnpike.</p><br>
<p>In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Worthington Ridge was known as Berlin Street. It was a dirt road—bustling with the noise of taverns, tin shops, blacksmiths, cabinet makers, coopers, saddlers, wagon makers, tailors and hatters. The route was part of the great Boston Post Road, traveled by stagecoaches from New York to Boston until the 1940s when the Berlin Turnpike was built and diverted traffic from the village.</p><br>
<p>In 1974, the Berlin Historic District was formed in order to preserve the integrity of the architecture of the village. Unlike other historic districts that have a predominance of similar period homes, the district is a unique timeline of architectural styles.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Elizur Hale House is a historic house at 3181 Hebron Avenue in Glastonbury, Connecticut. Built about 1780, it is a prominent local example of well-preserved late Georgian domestic architecture. It is also notable for its association with the locally prominent Hale family, who occupied it for 100 years. The house was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Dr. Elizur Hale House is located in eastern Glastonbury, on the north side of Hebron Avenue (Connecticut Route 94), between Hill Street and Ridge Road. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a side gable roof, central chimney, and clapboarded exterior. Its main facade is five bays wide, with a center entrance simply framed and topped by an eight-light transom window. The interior follows a typical center-chimney plan, with a narrow vestibule containing a winding staircase, and parlor spaces to either side. The original kitchen extends behind the chimney, with small rooms at the rear corners. A 19th-century ell extends to the rear, housing modern amenities.</p><br>
<h2>Elizur Hale</h2><br>
<p>ELizur Hale was the son of Captain Jonathan Hale and Sarah (Talcott) Hale. He graduated from Yale in 1742. "...having studied medicine, settled in his native town to practice. He died May 27, 1790, after having assiduously performed the duties of his calling forth-four years." He was also involved in the town politically, representing Glastonbury in the general assembly. "He is said to have been dignified though rough exterior, witty and sarcastic, but benevolent and very useful. Family tradition represents him as abundant in kind deeds, and generous in the use of his property as well as in counsel to the needy." He was married to Abigail Hollister on March 23, 1790. Together, they had five sons. His son Elizur was also a doctor in Glastonbury. He died December 6, 1796.</p><br>
<p>McCormick Island is a 100 acre island, located in the city of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. It&#39;s one of the larger islands that makes up the Sheets Island Archipelago  in the Susquehanna River. Other islands surrounding are Sheets Island, and Governor’s Mansion Island. It is directly south of the I-81 bridge, and can be seen from many different places in Harrisburg. It also is relatively close to Wade Island, another popular stopover for birds in migration. Wade Island is protected and access is not permitted. The various shorebirds present on McCormick Island represent an attraction for bird enthusiasts. Wade Island Rookery, Pennsylvania&#39;s largest multi-species nesting island, is also a great attraction.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Like most of the Susquehanna River islands, McCormick is made up of layered flood deposits laid down over many years. Paleoindians used this island as a seasonal encampment nearly 8,000 years ago. As floods occurred, many of the previous remains of the Indians became buried. Thus McCormick Island is layered with many different artifacts of previous societies. Stone tools have been recovered, cooking hearths, ceramics, beads, and metal objects. Possible post and pole objects have also been discovered. McCormick Island now contains a large, protected Native American archaeological site.</p><br>
<h2>Ownership</h2><br>
<p>On August 15, 2007, the Central Pennsylvania Conservancy (CPC) purchased McCormick Island from the City of Harrisburg for a total cost in excess of $125,000. The main goal intended in the purchase is to preserve this vital asset for birds close to being endangered, as well as protecting other habitats. McCormick remains open to the public with walking trails and places for picnicking and camping. River recreation activities such as fishing, boating, canoeing and jet skiing are permitted. Strict rules apply to trash and disposal to help reduce the pollution on the island.</p><br>
<h2>Animals</h2><br>
<p>McCormick Island regularly supports thousands of waterfowl during the migratory season, such as the common loon, horned grebe, red-breasted merganser, lesser scaup, and bufflehead. McCormick Island also represents the highest concentration of wading birds in Pennsylvania during the breeding season including the great egret, yellow-crowned night-heron and black-crowned night-heron. The island also provides important breeding habitat for the black-crowned night-heron, which is classified as a candidate- at risk species in Pennsylvania and under consideration for Pennsylvania endangered species status. Thus McCormick Island is declared an Important Bird Area (IBA) by The National Audubon Society. Any disturbance on the island could possibly impact the bird habitat. McCormick Island provides a great avian habitat because of the forested wetland complex and shallow foraging areas, and open water. Typically, the main birds spotted on McCormick Island are: great blue heron, green back heron, black-crown night heron, egrets, and bald eagles. Non avian species documented on the island include river otter, beaver, muskrat, snapping turtle, yellow-bellied slider turtle, map turtle and water snake. American toad populations are abundant on the islands.</p><br>
<h2>Plants</h2><br>
<p>McCormick Island and surrounding islands are primarily deciduous forest and dominated by river birch, sycamore, silver maple, tulip poplar and poison ivy. Several plant species of Pennsylvania concern inhabit the island including aster-like boltonia, flat-leaved pondweed, umbrella magnolia, blue-eyed grass, and umbrella flatsedge.</p><br>
<p>Rómulo Pico Adobe, also known as Ranchito Rómulo and Andrés Pico Adobe, was built in 1834 and is the oldest residence in the San Fernando Valley, making it the second oldest residence in Los Angeles. Located in the Mission Hills section of the city, the Rómulo Pico Adobe is a short distance from the San Fernando Mission . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>Located on Sepulveda Boulevard in Mission Hills, the original part of the Romulo Pico Adobe was built in 1834 by Tongva-Fernandeño, Tataviam-Fernandeño, and Chumash-Ventuaño Native Americans (Indians) from the San Fernando Mission. The original purpose of the structure is unknown, though the adobe was located in the center of the Mission&#39;s orchards and surrounding vineyards.</p><br>
<p>Before 1846, the original adobe consisted of what is now the living room. In 1845, Juan Manso and Andrés Pico had been granted a nine-year lease by the latters brother Governor Pío Pico for the Mission San Fernando Rey de España lands. In 1846 the Pío Pico government sold Eulogio de Celis the secularized Mission lands, nearly the entire San Fernando Valley, as the Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando, which included the Pico Adobe. The dining room and library were added during the time of de Celis ownership.</p><br>
<p>De Celis vacated the property in 1853 and sold Andrés Pico an undivided half interest in the Rancho, which included the southern half of the Valley, the San Fernando Mission compound, and the adobe. It is unknown if the adobe was used for any purpose for the next 20 years. In debt, Andrés Pico sold his southern half-interest in the Rancho ex-Mission San Fernando to his brother Pío Pico in 1862. In 1873, Rómulo Pico and his father Andres Pico found the house, on the northern half of the divided Rancho, to be in a dilapidated state as a result of abandonment. Rómulo is credited for restoring the adobe and adding a kitchen and two side wings. He also placed wooden flooring over the original tile floor. A second story was added in approximately 1873. Rómulo lived there with his wife Catarina Pico and family.</p><br>
<p>Pio Pico sold his southern half of the San Fernando Valley to Isaac Lankershim in 1869. In 1874, the heirs of Eulogio de Celis sold their northern half of Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando lands to northern Californians: California State Senator Charles Maclay and his partners George K. Porter, a San Francisco shoe manufacturer, and his brother Benjamin F. Porter. The sale did not include the Mission ruins and immediate surroundings.</p><br>
<p>Rómulo and Catarina Pico continued to live at "Ranchito Rómulo" (Rómulos Little Ranch) for many years before moving to Los Angeles. They kept the adobe until the late 1890s, using it for overnight stays during return visits to the valley. In the following years they rented or sold the adobe several times, and it was eventually abandoned. The vacant structure deteriorated and was subjected to vandalism during the first two decades of the 20th century. Thieves and scavengers picked apart the adobe. Some invaders dug up the floors and knocked down walls in search of fabled buried gold and treasure.&#39;</p><br>
<h2>Deterioration and restoration</h2><br>
<p>In 1930, Mark Raymond Harrington, curator of the Southwest Museum, purchased the abandoned property from the heirs of the Lopez family. He restored the adobe after acquiring it. He later wrote:</p><br>
<h2>Current use as a living museum</h2><br>
<p>In 1965, the City of Los Angeles purchased the property. The adobe was damaged in the 1971 Sylmar earthquake. The city removed the chimney, and a section of the office wall which separated had to be repaired. The exterior and grounds are administered by the city Department of Recreation and Parks.</p><br>
<p>The adobe itself is managed by the San Fernando Valley Historical Society. It restored the interior and operates a "living museum" at the adobe. The adobe is also used for the Historical Society&#39;s monthly meetings, weddings, receptions, breakfasts, dinners, and picnics. Two special affairs are "Rancho Days", depicting early California living, held on the third Sunday of September; and Las Posadas, the enactment of the Mexican Christmas procession on the Saturday before Christmas.</p><br>
<p>Also in the city park is the Lankershim Reading Room, a small octagonal building that is the only remaining structure of the Lankershim Ranch. The ranch territory once took in a large part of the southern San Fernando Valley. The reading room was moved to the park in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Designation as historic site</h2><br>
<p>The Pico Adobe has been listed as a historic building at the city, state, and national level as follows:</p><br>
<p>In 1939, the adobe was registered as California Historical Landmark #362.</p><br>
<p>In 1962, the City of Los Angeles included the Pico Adobe and the Leonis Adobe in its first group of Cultural-Historic Monuments. As of 2007, there were over 850 such monuments, and the Pico Adobe is designated as Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument #7.</p><br>
<p>In 1966, the adobe was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, the Lankershim Reading Room was also designated a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument.</p><br>
<p>The steam yacht Gondola is a rebuilt Victorian, screw-propelled, steam-powered passenger vessel on Coniston Water, England. Originally launched in 1859, she was built for the steamer service carrying passengers from the Furness Railway and from the Coniston Railway. She was in commercial service until 1936 when she was retired, being converted to a houseboat in 1946. In 1979, by now derelict, she was given a new hull, engine, boiler and most of the superstructure. She is back in service as a passenger boat, still powered by steam and now operated by the National Trust.</p><br>
<p>Gondola is one of the inspirations for Captain Flints houseboat in Arthur Ransomes book Swallows and Amazons. In Coniston&#39;s Ruskin Museum there is a black and white post card of Gondola that Ransome sent to his illustrator, with changes to the outline in ink to show how he wanted the houseboat to look.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>The original Gondola</h3><br>
<p>Originally trained in railway engineering, by the late 1850s James Ramsden - first mayor of Barrow-in-Furness (1867) - had become a director of both the Coniston Railway Co. that ran the Foxfield-Coniston line and of the Furness Railway Co. that ran the line from Barrow to Windermere. He had visited Venice in the early years of the decade, and it seems he encountered a style of Venetian boat called a Burchiello, as depicted in some of Canalettos paintings. These were large wooden barges which between the 16th and 18th centuries carried wealthy passengers along the Riviera del Brenta between Venice and Padua in elegant cabins, luxuriosly upholstered and decorated with Corinthian columns and mirrors. Emulating their flowing lines and level of comfort, he proposed an outline design and commissioned a steam yacht for Coniston Water from Jones, Quiggin & Co. of Liverpool. Douglas Hebson, the naval architect, finalised the details of boat and engine. At a cost of 1,000 guineas (£1,050 or about £120,000 in 2016 prices), Steam Yacht Gondola&#39; was to have not only a state-of-the-art boiler and engine borrowed from railway locomotive technology but also an innovative mild steel hull, riveted to frames of Low Moor wrought iron, quite a special material which was also used for the gunwale, and one of the new screw propellers as adopted by Brunel for the SS Great Britain, not to mention the opulent internal finish.</p><br>
<p>From Liverpool she went in sections by rail and cart to the slipway at Pier Cottage near Coniston Hall, where she was assembled. She was launched on 30 November 1859. She was 84 feet (26 m) long and registered to carry 200 passengers. The Illustrated London News of 7 July 1860 reported after her maiden voyage that the first class saloon was "beautifully finished in walnut wood and cushioned and decorated after the style of the royal carriages of our railways." It continued: "The vessel… is a perfected combination of the Venetian gondola and the English steam yacht – having the elegance, comfort and speed of the latter, and the graceful lightness and quiet gliding motion of the former. It may be said to be the most elegant little steam vessel yet designed, and is especially suitable for pleasure excursions on lake or river."</p><br>
<p>As Secretary and General Manager of the Furness Railway Company, Ramsden must have been aiming to expand the business from simply carrying freight and a modest number of locals. The Victorian leisure market was growing rapidly, and in particular the popularity of the Lake District as a tourist destination. Doubtless this was fuelled by the Romantic landscape paintings of Turner, Constable and Friedrich and by the works of the Lake Districts very own poets, Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey. Passengers would now be able to reach the southern end of Coniston Water: first by rail to Greenodd and thence by road to Lake Bank. They could then continue northwards on the new steam yacht in real comfort towards more spectacular scenery. Soon the Furness Railway Co. and the Coniston Railway Co. would merge, so Ramsdens vision also took account of the new Foxfield-Coniston rail line, allowing sight-seers to arrive at the northern end of Gondola&#39;s run.</p><br>
<p>In time Gondola formed part of what came to be known as the Great Circle itinerary, introduced to boost flagging revenues by Sir Alfred Aslett, Ramsdens successor at the Furness Railway. The nickname presumably intended to echo the Grand Tour, which still only the wealthiest could possibly afford. Lancashires increasingly prosperous middle classes could take a paddle steamer from Fleetwood to Barrow and thence by rail to Lakeside on Windermere. A steam vessel up the length of Windermere provided the link to Waterhead, from where a coach and four brought travellers to the delights of Coniston Water. Gondola would return them in fitting style to the southern end of the lake, before continuing by road and rail to Barrow and so by paddle steamer back to Fleetwood. All this was at a cost of ten shillings and sixpence first class, seven shillings and sixpence second class - considerable sums at the time. It would be the equivalent of £55 and £40 in 2016 prices. This gives a good indication of just how much the better-off Victorians now valued their leisure. In her hey-day before the First World War Gondola was carrying upwards of 25,000 passengers a year. From Brantwood, his home overlooking Coniston, John Ruskin, author of The Stones of Venice and critic of steam power, must have seen her passing back and forth each day.</p><br>
<p>The outbreak of the Great War saw Gondola being laid up for the duration, but with the peace in 1918 came a return to regular service. As roads improved, however, demand for such water-borne transport dwindled, and in 1936 she was retired. Shortly before the Second World War she was sold to the McAdam family, greengrocers in Barrow, who in 1944 had her boiler and engine removed. Eventually in 1946 the spaces these had occupied were used for a galley and wash-house in Gondola&#39;s new role as a static, floating home.</p><br>
<p>Gondola is one of the inspirations for Captain Flints houseboat in Arthur Ransomes childrens classic Swallows and Amazons. In Conistons Ruskin Museum there is a black and white post card of Gondola that Ransome sent to his illustrator, with changes to the outline in ink to show how he wanted the houseboat to look.</p><br>
<p>Gondola spent the next two decades moored off Water Park at the southern end of Coniston, near the outfall of the River Crake (Ransome&#39;s Amazon), and half a mile north of Allan Tarn (Octopus Lagoon), gradually deteriorating. A severe storm in the winter of 1963/64 broke her moorings and ran her aground, leaving her damaged and uninhabitable. She came close to being sold for scrap. But Arthur Hatton, caretaker at Water Park, purchased her from the McAdams to save her from that ultimate fate. Instead, she was deliberately sunk to slow down her deterioration, at least for the time being. And there she lay for the next ten years.</p><br>
<h3>Rebuild</h3><br>
<p>A first attempt to restore her in the mid-1970s met with financial problems. But then Anthony Lord, the National Trust&#39;s local boss, took up her case. With support from the community, fund-raising by National Trust staff, donations from local benefactors and sponsorship from large companies, enough money was raised to acquire her and complete a hull survey to assess the damage caused by the storm and to establish whether a full restoration, preferably to a working passenger yacht, was feasible. The survey was disappointing: the hull was seen to be down to a third of the original 1/8" thickness in places. But even if the hull had been in good condition, the Department of Trade would not have registered her as a working vessel, the modern standards requiring a hull twice as thick.</p><br>
<p>Vickers Shipbuilders at Barrow-in-Furness were approached and asked to make their own survey to see what could be done. They reported that a new hull would be needed and that the superstructure would have to be replaced entirely. Furthermore, if she were to be steam powered once again, a suitable engine and boiler would have to be sourced. The original wrought iron gunwale plate - the curved edge of the ship where the deck meets the hull - was salvageable, however, and could form part of the new hull. Some of the barley-twist wrought iron handrails and railings were reusable, along with many of the bronze and brass deck fittings. Vickers were invited to proceed with work and further funds were raised from the same sources as before. The famous yard readily undertook the project. To get the original hull to Barrow, it was cut into three sections, which then had to be reassembled before work on the new hull could begin, using the lines of the original boat.</p><br>
<p>Locomotion Enterprises, a training company in the North-East of England, got the task of building the new engine whilst W Bertram & Sons of South Shields provided a new high-pressure boiler, fittingly to the same design as the Ffestiniog Railway&#39;s locomotive Prince. Vickers shipyard itself undertook the task of making the new hull, using it as an engineering exercise for the apprentices, probably more at home with the hulls of nuclear submarines! They used mild steel, laid in narrow strakes to mimic the riveted plates of the original.</p><br>
<p>All the components finally came together, and in 1979 the new hull was transported in parts from Barrow back to Coniston. Gondola was finally reassembled in front of Pier Cottage on the one-time northern jetty for Coniston-bound Victorian passengers. This had been Donald Campbells base, and long before that the home of Captain Felix Hamill who served as Gondolas Master from 1863 to 1913. Over the next few months the shipyard&#39;s carpenters and shipwrights travelled to fit her out with boiler, engine, superstructure, decking and all the finery associated with a vessel of this size and pedigree, including a plush carpeted first class saloon complete with varnished walnut trim, gilded Corinthian columns and Puginesque, faux-vaulted ceiling.</p><br>
<p>On Lady Day 25 March 1980, the new Gondola was launched by Sheila Howell, great granddaughter of Felix Hamill. The resplendent reincarnation floated a little below her intended lines, but sailed her inaugural voyage at 4pm on 8 June of that year, with the 12th Duke of Devonshire a guest of honour. His ancestor the 7th Duke had been chairman of the Furness Railway back in 1859. As a finishing touch and true to the style of the Venetian Burchiello as depicted by Canaletto, the original twin-tailed serpent and boards carved with the Duke of Devonshire&#39;s arms again adorned her prow.</p><br>
<h2>Specification and continuing evolution</h2><br>
<p>Gondola is 86 ft long; she has a beam of 15 ft, a draught of 5 ft and weighs 42 tons. Her steam boiler is of the locomotive type, with 90 one and a quarter inch (35mm) steel tubes passing through the barrel. At first it was an all-copper design as used by the Furness Railway on their locomotives; this supplied steam to her engines at a maximum of 80psi (pounds per square inch). Around the beginning of the 20th century she was equipped with an all-steel boiler supplying steam at 100 psi. The boiler and the engines were taken out when she was laid up and converted to a houseboat. When she was re-launched in 1980 an all-steel design was again specified, although this time rated at a maximum working pressure of 150 psi.</p><br>
<p>Gondola&#39;s evolution continues. Early in service the engine was significantly modified by Roger Mallinson of Windermere, a local steam boat engine manufacturer, as it was very noisy and broke down too often. He effectively re-built it to achieve the sweetly running unit that now allows her to run reliably and on time. Today she is powered by a twin cylinder 90 degree "V" steam engine, with a slip eccentric reverse system and a double-acting slide valve arrangement. It develops a maximum torque of about 8,000 N·m (5,900 lb·ft) at the prop shaft, turning the 36" diameter propeller at some 150-160 rpm to give a hull cruising speed of about 8 knots (9 mph or 15 km/h).</p><br>
<p>And from March 2008 the firing of her boiler became more environmentally friendly. From her launch in 1859 she had been coal fired, but she now uses Blazer Logs, commercially produced blocks made from compressed sawdust. These burn more efficiently, giving off little smoke with negligible sulphur content and are carbon neutral. The cylinders exhaust to atmosphere after first passing through a silencer. The draught induced by the steam is used to draw the heat and waste products of combustion through the boiler and up the funnel, and so draw more air into the furnace, a force draught system. Now that the ship is using a different fuel to fire the boiler, however, a flue damper has also been fitted to produce a finer tolerance of control in the firebox. This uses less fuel to produce more steam, and hence delivers much greater economy.</p><br>
<p>During the winter the crew switch from their roles as tour guides and boat operators into boat maintenance specialists, working on the jetty at Pier Cottage to return Gondola to peak condition for the next season. Most recently, in the winter of 2012/13 the crew and selected contractors carried out the biggest overhaul since the re-build. The whole aft end was stripped down to remove the boiler for re-tubing, the engine was taken out and fully overhauled, the propeller was removed, then the shaft and the bearings replaced. The hull externally and the engine room internally were shot blasted to remove the old paint, and a new paint system applied. The aft deck was taken up and replaced as it was found to be rotten. Then only five weeks remained to reassemble everything for the Easter start of the new season - and all this over and above the usual annual maintenance!</p><br>
<h2>Gondola in service today</h2><br>
<p>For today&#39;s tourists, from beginning of March to the end of October Gondola plies Coniston Water once more, operated as a thriving enterprise by the National Trust. All cruises start from Coniston pier, calling at Brantwood and Monk Coniston. Half lake cruises take place every day, with full lake themed cruises on Saturdays at 11am, and Sundays, Mondays and Thursdays at 2.30pm.</p><br>
<p>The basic tour is an anti-clockwise voyage from Coniston down the western shore of the lake, turning east off Torver Common and steaming north up the opposite shore to Brantwood, where one can disembark and visit the home of John Ruskin. Gondola then continues to Monk Coniston at the extreme northern end of the lake, and so completes the loop back to Coniston.</p><br>
<p>Other trips include the Explorer Cruise, which goes to Lake Bank – the extreme south of Coniston Water – the place from where Gondola originally picked up her passengers in the 1860s. The waiting room is still to be seen, recently restored by the Rawdon Smith Trust to the Furness Railway&#39;s livery. Alternatively, the Wildcat Island cruise shows the relevant points around the lake upon which places in Swallows and Amazons are based such as Peel Island (Wild Cat Island in the book), and Bank Ground Farm, Coniston (Holly Howe in the book).</p><br>
<p>The Engineer for the Day Experience gives members of the public the opportunity to join the crew for the day. Arriving first thing in the morning, they can shadow the engineer: lighting the fire to raise steam, polishing the engine and copperwork, oiling round, tending the fire and keeping steam during the day, following the shutting down procedure at the end of the day, interacting with passengers, with even the option of helming (steering) the boat.</p><br>
<p>Gondola may have a long and uneven history, but with some 40,000 modern passengers a year once again enjoying lake travel in style, her future seems assured in the care of the National Trust.</p><br>
<p>Harvey Lake, locally known as Harveys Lake, is a lake in the town of Barnet, Vermont in Caledonia County in the northeast section of Vermont, United States. It was named after one of the original settlers of Barnet, Vermont, Colonel Alexander Harvey. Although locally it is known as "Harveys Lake", it is officially named "Harvey Lake" by the federal Board on Geographic Names, as genitive apostrophes are rarely allowed in the names of natural features.</p><br>
<p>The lake is in the western part of the town of Barnet, with the village of West Barnet at the northern end of the lake near its outlet. Nearby communities are South Peacham to the northwest and Mosquitoville to the south. The outlet at the northern end of the lake is held back by a dam, owned by the town of Barnet. The northern end of the lake is dominated by Harvey&#39;s Lake Park with its public beaches and picnic areas, and by a private campground.</p><br>
<p>Ocean explorer and SCUBA inventor Jacques Cousteau had influential experiences on Harvey&#39;s Lake as a young boy in the early 1920s. While attending a summer camp he experimented with staying underwater by breathing through hollow reeds found in the lake shallows. Though he could not yet swim well, this allowed him to stay underwater for extended periods.</p><br>
<p>The Dent de Morcles is a 2,969 metres high mountain located at western end of the Bernese Alps, overlooking the Rhone between Martigny and St. Maurice. It is the westernmost summit of the Muverans massif, which in turn is the westernmost of the four distinct mountain massifs of the Bernese Alps that lie west of the Gemmi Pass. Its position at the end of this chain of mountains and the abrupt drop to the wide valley of the Rhone river below make the Dent de Morcles prominently visible from many points in Lausanne and other populated areas on the north and northeastern shores of Lake Geneva.</p><br>
<p>The summit is sometimes distinguished by the name Grande Dent de Morcles, the Petite Dent de Morcles being a lower summit (2,929 m) on the north-west side. Both summits are located on the border between Valais and Vaud.</p><br>
<p>On the northern slopes lies the small Glacier des Martinets. The Lac de Fully is located on the south side.</p><br>
<p>Mont Fort is a mountain of the Pennine Alps, located near Verbier in the Swiss canton of Valais. It lies on the range between the valleys of Bagnes and Nendaz, north of the Rosablanche. With a height of 3,328 metres above sea level, Mont Fort is the highest summit north of the Col de Louvie .</p><br>
<p>Mont Fort is surrounded by several glaciers, the largest being the Glacier de Tortin, on its northwestern side. The second largest is the Glacier du Mont Fort, located on its northeastern side. On its eastern side lies the lower summit Petit Mont Fort (3,135 m). The Glacier du Petit Mont Fort lies between the two summits. There are no glaciers on the south side of the mountain. A small lake named Lac du Petit Mont Fort (2,764 m) lies on the south flank.</p><br>
<p>The summit of Mont Fort is easily accessible by cable car from the heights of Verbier or Nendaz. The cable cars from the two valleys converge at the intermediate station (2,894 m) north of the Col des Gentianes, the upper section reaching a height of 3,308 metres. In the winter and early spring season, the mountain, including the Glacier de Tortin, is the culminating point of the 4 Vallées ski area, accessible by the "Mont-Fort" cable car. There is one ski slope leading down from the mountain&#39;s peak - which then leads down to the Col des Gentianes, where a restaurant and two cable cars leading down to Verbier and Siviez (Haute-Nendaz) are situated.</p><br>
<h2>Accessibility</h2><br>
<p>As above, the mountain is accessible from the 4 Vallées ski area, made up of La Tzoumaz, Verbier, Haute-Nendaz, Veysonnaz and Thyon, each interconnected with ski lifts, managed by each ski resorts separate lift operators (apart from Nendaz & Veysonnaz, who have recently merged their lift operators to form NVRM&#39;). Mont-Fort lies between the Verbier and Nendaz (both of which are easily accessible by road).</p><br>
<p>The nearest city is Sion, the capital of the Valais canton, which is also home to the mountains nearest airport. Powdair and Swiss International Air Lines operate flights to a handful of airports from Sion to destinations in Europe, mostly in the UK. However nearby Geneva Airport is the regions largest airport, around 150km away.</p><br>
<p>By road, the journey is about 2 hours from Geneva, along the A1 and A9 motorways, before turning off to the separate roads to each ski resort.</p><br>
<p>The Mettelhorn is a mountain of the Swiss Pennine Alps, located near Zermatt in the canton of Valais.</p><br>
<p>The Mettelhorn provides excellent acclimatization opportunities, especially if one climbs its sister peaks Platthorn and Wisshorn on the same day. Hiking from Zermatt to the Mettelhorn takes about six hours uphill and four hours downwards. The summit can be reached by almost any active hiker with some mountain experience.</p><br>
<p>The climb to the Mettelhorn begins from Zermatt; hikers start on the Edelweiss path, the path goes through a forest before coming to the Edelweiss Restaurant; this section takes about one hour. The forest section ends here and a wider gorge opens as the path runs past the Triftbach river. There are also plenty of signs with photos about the wildflowers growing on the paths&#39; surroundings. After the Edelweiss, another 90 minutes of hiking leads to the Hotel Trift; the path is easy to follow and scenery rich with a few mountain views. One can see the Unter Gabelhorn mountain on the left side with several smaller peaks. After the Hotel Trift the path veers left towards north east going towards Zinal Rothorn, Platthorn and Mettelhorn mountains. The path going on the Rothornhütte (the SAC hut at the foot of the Zinal Rothorn) turns soon towards off the main path north westwards (all turnings are well signed), and an additional path leads south east towards the Wisshorn.</p><br>
<p>After one hour of ascent from the Hotel Trift the Triftchumme meadow appears, where occasionally sheep graze. At the other side of meadow is the Platthorn. Eventually one comes on the saddle called Furggi pass. From here one can see the Mettelhorn and decide if to climb the Platthorn or to go over the Hohlicht Gletscher glacier first. Going up on the Platthorn takes about 30 minutes. On the north side is the Unter Äschorn and also the Weisshorn can be seen. The Glacier is steep and crampons are recommended, even through the glacier does not provide major difficulties to walk over; the Glacier section takes about 30 minutes. The Mettelhorn has a steep face but can be walked up; scree can give some trouble on the way up. The views from the summit are spectacular. On the top of the mountain one can see more famous mountains like; Weisshorn, Dom, Monte Rosa, the North Face of the Matterhorn, Ober Gabelhorn and Zinal Rothorn.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Muveran is a mountain of the Bernese Alps, located on the border between the cantons of Vaud and Valais. At 3,051 metres, it is the highest summit of the group lying between the Rhone knee and the Pas de Cheville and the westernmost three-thousander of the Bernese Alps. The closest localities are Les Plans-sur-Bex  and Ovronnaz . It is accompanied by the smaller peak of Petit Muveran.</p><br>
<p>Overlooking the Rhone valley from a height of about 2,600 metres, the Grand Muveran is the high point of a group (referred to as the Muverans) composed of several summits approaching 3,000 metres, including to the southwest the Dent de Morcles and the Dent Favre, and to the northeast the Tête à Pierre Grept and the Haut de Cry. The Muverans are the second highest massif of the canton of Vaud, after the Diablerets, and one of the four distinct and glaciated massifs of the Bernese Alps that lie between the Rhone elbow and the Gemmi Pass.</p><br>
<p>The normal route to the summit starts from the Rambert Hut (2,582 m), above Ovronnaz.</p><br>
<p>The Stockhorn is a mountain of the Bernese Alps, overlooking the region of Lake Thun in the Bernese Oberland. It is located north of the town of Erlenbach im Simmental.</p><br>
<p>The Stockhorn is 2,190 m high and is accessible via cable car from Erlenbach. It has a restaurant at the top and is a good starting point for many hikes. There is good fishing in the two lakes right below the Stockhorn, the Oberstockensee (around 1,650 m high) and the Hinterstockensee (around 1,550 m high). There is a subterranean water connection between the two lakes.</p><br>
<p>From the top the view includes many of the surrounding Alps; the Eiger, Mönch, Jungfrau, Schreckhorn, along with the valley of the Aare river, Thun and Lake Thun, Interlaken and the Jura Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Piz Terri is a mountain in the Lepontine Alps, located on the border between the cantons of Ticino and Graubünden. At 3,149 metres above sea level it is the highest summit lying on the chain between Greina and Soreda Pass. Piz Terri overlooks Lake Luzzone in Val Blenio on its west side, Val Sumvitg on its north side and Lumnezia on its east side. Close localities are Olivone  and Vrin .</p><br>
<p>A lake (0.183 km²) is located near the summit on the northern side at 2,585 metres. The faces are steep. Only a small glacier, named Glatscher dil Terri, lies at the base of the north face.</p><br>
<p>The summit can be reached by experienced hikers via a trail on the west ridge. The normal route starts above Lake Luzzone at the Motterascio hut (2,171 metres), owned by the Swiss Alpine Club.</p><br>
<p>The Hausstock is a mountain in the Glarus Alps, at an elevation of 3,158 m on the border between the cantons of Glarus and Graubünden. It overlooks the valleys of Linth and Sernf rivers in Glarus, and the valley of the Vorderrhein river in Graubünden. The Hausstock was the site of the 1799 withdrawal of the Russian army under General Alexander Suvorov. A well-known destination already in the nineteenth century with British and American climbers, the mountain remains popular with mountain climbers and skiers.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and geology</h2><br>
<p>The Hausstock overlooks the valleys of Linth and Sernf rivers in Glarus, and valley of the Vorderrhein river in Graubünden. The nearest settlements are the villages of Linthal (in the Linth valley), Elm (in the Sernf valley) and Pigniu (on the slopes of the Vorderrhein valley). Administratively, the mountain lies in the municipalities of Glarus Süd, Ilanz/Glion and Andiast.</p><br>
<p>The Richetli Pass to the north of the mountain connects the villages of Elm and Linthal, reaching an elevation of 2,261 m and separating the Hausstock from the Kärpf mountain. The Panix Pass to the south-east connects the villages of Elm and Pigniu, reaching an elevation of 2,404 m. Both passes carry only rough hiking trails, although the Richetli Pass forms part of the Alpine Pass Route, a long-distance hiking trail across Switzerland between Sargans and Montreux.</p><br>
<p>The Hausstock is connected to the summit of the Ruchi to the south-west by a 2 km long ridge.</p><br>
<p>Like the rest of the nummulite formation of the high Glarus Alps, the Hausstock contains fine-grained black sandstone. The mountain is part of the Glarus thrust, a major thrust fault; the top layer consists of Verrucano formations, 250-300 Ma old, on top of chalk, 100-150 Ma, and flysch, 35-50 Ma. In 2008, the thrust was declared a geotope, a geologic UNESCO world heritage site, under the name Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona. The Glarus thrust can clearly be seen on the mountain at approximately 2,950 m.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In October 1799, Russian General Alexander Suvorov made a strategic retreat from the French Revolutionary forces in Italy over the Panix Pass. The event is frequently mentioned in British mountain guides from the nineteenth century, adding interest to the mountain, and still attracts tourists to the area. A plaque in Paxis commemorates the event. Today, there is still a military presence: the Swiss army maintains a firing range for tanks; the army "even uses mine throwers to target the glacier on the upper flanks of the 3,000-metre high Hausstock Mountain."</p><br>
<p>According to the American mountaineer W. A. B. Coolidge, the first ascent of the mountain was made in 1832.</p><br>
<p>The trek through the pass, under the shadow of the mountain, is described extensively in the works of the famous Irish naturalist and alpinist John Ball, The route is reprinted in who mentioned the Hausstock in many of his works.As early as 1860 in</p><br>
<p>The Hausstock is one stage in what William Martin Conway, president of the Alpine Club from 1902 to 1904, called the "North Tour through the Alps," a route popular in the nineteenth century with British and American travelers; the mountain was often reached via a long ridge that connects it to neighboring Ruchi, at 3,107 m. Originally published in 1895. The Hausstock is the highest of the mountains around the village of Elm, from which it is usually ascended</p><br>
<p>it continues to be a popular mountain to climb,</p><br>
<p>and there is a mountain hut, the Panixerpasshütte, in the Panix pass.</p><br>
<p>Today, the Hausstock is a popular wintersports resort, accessible via the village of Elm with a ski lift system installed in the early 2000s. The "Hausstock" ski tour is said to be "incredible.... Long and varied with a rewarding view from the summit."</p><br>
<p>The Rosablanche is a mountain of the Swiss Pennine Alps, overlooking the Lac des Dix in the canton of Valais. It lies on the range between the valleys of Bagnes  and Hérémence , north of Le Pleureur.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing routes</h2><br>
<p>The normal routes from the north side are from Barage de la Grande Dixence (Dix lake) in Val d’ Heremence, and from Siviez in Val de Nendaz, with the car access in both cases. From the Siviez side there is bus service as well. These are non-technical but very attractive glacier routes. There are some crevasses, so you will need crampons and other stuff for glacier tours. For both directions plan around 5 hours to get to the summit.</p><br>
<p>The route from the south starts in the Fionnay valley (Val de Bagnes) and it is snow-free in summer time.</p><br>
<h2>The huts</h2><br>
<p>There are several huts around and you can use them as your start points. From the Fionnay side there is Cabane de Louvie in Val de Bagnes. From the north-east side you have Cabane de Prafleuri at 2624 m above the sea level, Cabane de Ecoulaies at 2575 m, and Ref. de la Barmaz at 2458 m. From the Siviez side you have Ref. de St. Laurent at 2485 m.</p><br>
<p>Pizzo Rotondo is a mountain in the Lepontine Alps. At 3,190 metres above sea level, it is the highest mountain lying on the border between the cantons of Ticino and Valais, as well as the highest summit of the Lepontine Alps lying between Nufenen Pass and Lukmanier Pass.</p><br>
<p>The massif of Piz Rotondo separates the valleys of the upper Rhone (Valais) and upper Ticino. About two kilometres north-east lies the Witenwasserenstock, which is the watershed between the basins of the Rhone, Po and Rhine.</p><br>
<p>On the north side lies a relatively large glacier named Gerengletscher, which extends to the ridge of the Witenwasserenstock. On the south side, at Passo di Rotondo, lies a smaller glacier named Ghiacciaio del Pizzo Rotondo.</p><br>
<p>The first ascent by Viktor Haller and his guides on August 5, 1869, started from Bedretto in Ticino over the east face and the (by now nearly gone) Pesciora glacier. Only four days later, the second ascent took place, this time from the other site. F. Schläpfer and his guides Rudolf Elmer and Johann Kreuzer, started from Oberwald, and made the first ascent of the north summit via the long Geren valley and the Geren glacier. Only Elmer and Kreuzer traversed to the somewhat higher southern summit.</p><br>
<p>Kingsland Homestead, located in Murray Hill, Queens is a New York City landmark and member of the Historic House Trust. It is the home of the remains of a landmarked, weeping beech tree, believed planted in 1847 and located</p><br>
<p>near the 17th Century Bowne House, the location of the first Quaker meeting place in New Amsterdam. The homestead houses and is operated by the Queens Historical Society and is open to the public as a museum.</p><br>
<h2>About the house</h2><br>
<p>Kingsland was built by Charles Doughty in approximately 1785 and the name "Kingsland" is believed to derive from Doughty&#39;s son-in-law, British sea captain Joseph King, who bought the home in 1801. The house was moved for the first time in 1923 when a proposed subway extension put it in danger and it was moved to the site of a stable, also built by King. The house was threatened again in 1965, by the construction of the Murray Hill Shopping Center, but the community was able to save the house and in that same year it was one of the first buildings in the City to be declared a landmark by the Landmarks Preservation Commission. In October 1996 a $330,000 renovation that completely restored the house and included the addition of track lighting and a sprinkler system to protect the house was completed. Further structural work was required in 1999.</p><br>
<h3>Exhibits</h3><br>
<p>The Homestead has been interpreted to the Victorian era, although it has included a wide range of exhibits since its dedication as a museum. A World War II exhibit highlighted what happened in Queens during the War and included local newspapers from the time as well as real-estate ads that highlighted the borough&#39;s growth,</p><br>
<h2>Weeping Beech</h2><br>
<p>Within the main park that houses the Homestead is the 2 acre Weeping Beech Park, once dominated by a landmarked 60 ft weeping beech tree. The beech tree, one of only two living landmarks in New York City when it was designated in 1966, is believed to have originated in Belgium, where Samuel Parsons purchased a budded shoot and brought it with him to America and it is believed to be the source of all weeping beeches in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The tree survived for 151 years before succumbing, following a 30-year decline and fear that she would fall. Seven direct descendants remain in the park, shadowing the Homestead. A funeral was held for the tree in December 1998 by the city&#39;s Parks Commissioner while they decided what to do with the remains of the tree.</p><br>
<p>The Glasscock County Courthouse is an historic courthouse building located in Garden City, Glasscock County, Texas. Built in 1909 to 1910 at a cost of $28,000, it was designed by Georgia-born American architect Edward Columbus Hosford, who is noted for the courthouses and other buildings that he designed in Florida, Georgia and Texas. It was built of granite and rusticated stone with gable front porticoes on all sides, each of which is supported by four 2-story Doric columns. Unlike the Mason County Courthouse also designed by Hosford and built at the same time for $39,786, the Glasscock County Courthouse has no clock tower cupola in the center of its roof and its side porticoes are smaller than the other two.</p><br>
<p>The prior courthouse, a small 2-story stone building, still stands on the property. It was used as a jail after the present courthouse was built but is now closed.</p><br>
<p>The Columbus Historic Riverfront Industrial District encompasses one of the most significant assemblages of 19th-century waterpowered mill technology in the American South. A National Historic Landmark District, it includes five historic industrial complexes with elements surviving as far back as the 1830s, located in four separate areas along the eastern bank of the Chattahoochee River in Columbus, Georgia. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The city of Columbus is located at the fall line of the Chattahoochee River, a place where the river drops 125 ft in a stretch of 2.5 mi. This locationt was recognized early in the American Industrial Revolution as a prime location for waterpowered factories, and the river was first dammed in 1828 (by a predecessor to the now-breached City Mills Dam), beginning what became one of the Souths largest 19th-century industrial complexes. Embedded in five major industrial sites are the remains of industrial components used in the transfer of water power, and for the early generation and transfer of electrical power. Included in these are the Eagle and Phenix Mills, once the Souths largest textile operation. Columbus was a powerhouse of manufacturing for the Confederacy during the American Civil War.</p><br>
<h2>Bibb Mill</h2><br>
<p>The main building of the Bibb Mill complex is a long five-story brick building, set on a bluff overlooking the river. Although it is an early 20th-century building, one of the smaller buildings in the complex includes remnants of a pulley and rope drive system. This system was used until 1954, when its main drive shaft broke.</p><br>
<h2>City Mills</h2><br>
<p>The City Mills complex was built as a grist mill. The oldest building dates to 1869, and was built by Horace King, a well-known regional African-American contractor. The original 1828 dam was replaced in 1908, and the main building was adapted for electrical power generation and distribution. It houses power generators installed in 1919, some of which operated into the 1960s.</p><br>
<h2>Muscogee Mills</h2><br>
<p>The Muscogee Mills include the broadest diversity of architecture of the surviving complexes, including both ornate 19th-century industrial architecture, and utilitarian 20th-century buildings, as well as the city&#39;s original Carnegie library. Traces of the original 1844 millrace are also still evident.</p><br>
<h2>Eagle and Phenix Mills</h2><br>
<p>The Eagle and Phenix Mills complex consists of three main mills, oriented perpendicular to the river, all which have origins in 19th-century construction, but have generally been altered or extended. This mill&#39;s original raceway and dam (now breached) also survive to some degree.</p><br>
<h2>Columbus Ironworks</h2><br>
<p>This complex&#39;s oldest buildings date to the early 20th-century, its older buildings destroyed by fire in 1902. The complex includes several generations of early electrical equipment including a DC generator and three AC generators. A portion of the property has been converted into a convention and event center.</p><br>
<p>The Isles of Scilly  are an archipelago off the southwestern tip of Cornwall. One of the islands, St Agnes, is the most southerly point in both England and the United Kingdom, being over 4 mi further south than the most southerly point of the British mainland at Lizard Point.</p><br>
<p>The population of all the islands at the 2011 census was 2,203. Scilly forms part of the ceremonial county of Cornwall, and some services are combined with those of Cornwall. However, since 1890, the islands have had a separate local authority. Since the passing of the Isles of Scilly Order 1930, this authority has had the status of a county council and today is known as the Council of the Isles of Scilly.</p><br>
<p>The adjective "Scillonian" is sometimes used for people or things related to the archipelago. The Duchy of Cornwall owns most of the freehold land on the islands. Tourism is a major part of the local economy, along with agriculture—particularly the production of cut flowers.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Ancient history</h3><br>
<p>Scilly has been inhabited since the Stone Age, and until the early 20th century its history had been one of subsistence living. Farming and fishing continue, but the main industry now is tourism.</p><br>
<p>The islands may correspond to the Cassiterides (Tin Isles) visited by the Phoenicians and mentioned by the Greeks. However, the archipelago itself does not contain much tin—it may be that the islands were used as a staging post.</p><br>
<p>It is likely that until relatively recent times the islands were much larger and perhaps joined together into one island named Ennor. Rising sea levels flooded the central plain around 400–500 AD, forming the current 55 islands and islets, if an island is defined as "land surrounded by water at high tide and supporting land vegetation". The word Ennor is a contraction of the Old Cornish En Noer (Moer, mutated to Noer), meaning the land or the great island.</p><br>
<p>Evidence for the older large island includes:</p><br>
<p>A description written during Roman times designates Scilly "Scillonia insula" in the singular, indicating either a single island or an island much bigger than any of the others.</p><br>
<p>Remains of a prehistoric farm have been found on Nornour, which is now a small rocky skerry far too small for farming. There once was an Iron Age Britain community here that extended into Roman times. This community was likely formed by immigrants from Brittany, probably the Veneti who were active in the tin trade that originated in mining activity in Cornwall and Devon.</p><br>
<p>At certain low tides the sea becomes shallow enough for people to walk between some of the islands. This is possibly one of the sources for stories of drowned lands, e.g. Lyonesse.</p><br>
<p>Ancient field walls are visible below the high tide line off some of the islands (e.g. Samson).</p><br>
<p>Some of the Cornish language place names also appear to reflect past shorelines, and former land areas.</p><br>
<p>The whole of southern England has been steadily sinking in opposition to post-glacial rebound in Scotland: this has caused the rias (drowned river valleys) on the southern Cornish coast, e.g. River Fal and the Tamar Estuary.</p><br>
<p>Offshore, midway between Lands End and the Isles of Scilly, is the supposed location of the mythical lost land of Lyonesse, referred to in Arthurian literature, of which Tristan is said to have been a prince. This may be a folk memory of inundated lands, but this legend is also common among the Brythonic peoples; the legend of Ys is a parallel and cognate legend in Brittany as is that of Cantrer Gwaelod in Wales.</p><br>
<p>Scilly has been identified as the place of exile of two heretical 4th century bishops, Instantius and Tiberianus, who were followers of Priscillian.</p><br>
<h3>Norse and Norman period</h3><br>
<p>In 995, Olaf Tryggvason became King Olaf I of Norway. Born 960, Olaf had raided various European cities and fought in several wars. In 986 he (supposedly) met a Christian seer on the Isles of Scilly. He was probably Priscillian and a part of the tiny Christian community that was exiled here from Spain by Emperor Maximus for Priscillianism and their part in the Priscilline heresy. In Snorri Sturluson&#39;s Royal Sagas of Norway, it is stated that this seer told him:</p><br>
<p>Thou wilt become a renowned king, and do celebrated deeds. Many men wilt thou bring to faith and baptism, and both to thy own and others&#39; good; and that thou mayst have no doubt of the truth of this answer, listen to these tokens. When thou comest to thy ships many of thy people will conspire against thee, and then a battle will follow in which many of thy men will fall, and thou wilt be wounded almost to death, and carried upon a shield to thy ship; yet after seven days thou shalt be well of thy wounds, and immediately thou shalt let thyself be baptised.</p><br>
<p>The legend continues that, as the seer foretold, Olaf was attacked by a group of mutineers upon returning to his ships. As soon as he had recovered from his wounds, he let himself be baptised. He then stopped raiding Christian cities, and lived in England and Ireland. In 995, he used an opportunity to return to Norway. When he arrived, the Haakon Jarl was facing a revolt. Olaf Tryggvason persuaded the rebels to accept him as their king, and Jarl Haakon was murdered by his own slave, while he was hiding from the rebels in a pig sty.</p><br>
<p>With the Norman Conquest, the Isles of Scilly came more under centralised control. About 20 years later, the Domesday survey was conducted. The islands would have formed part of the "Exeter Domesday" circuit, which included Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Somerset, and Wiltshire.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-12th century, there was reportedly a Viking attack on the Isles of Scilly, called Syllingar by the Norse, recorded in the Orkneyinga saga— Sweyn Asleifsson "went south, under Ireland, and seized a barge belonging to some monks in Syllingar and plundered it." (Chap LXXIII)</p><br>
<p>...the three chiefs—Swein, Þorbjörn and Eirik—went out on a plundering expedition. They went first to the Suðreyar, and all along the west to the Syllingar, where they gained a great victory in Maríuhöfn on Columba&#39;s-mass, and took much booty. Then they returned to the Orkneys.</p><br>
<p>"Maríuhöfn" literally means "Marys Harbour/Haven". The name does not make it clear if it referred to a harbour on a larger island than todays St Mary&#39;s, or a whole island.</p><br>
<p>It is generally considered that Cornwall, and possibly the Isles of Scilly, came under the dominion of the English Crown late in the reign of Æthelstan ( 924–939). In early times one group of islands was in the possession of a confederacy of hermits. King Henry I (r. 1100–35) gave it to the abbey of Tavistock who established a priory on Tresco, which was abolished at the Reformation.</p><br>
<h3>Later Middle Ages and early modern period</h3><br>
<p>At the turn of the 14th century, the Abbot and convent of Tavistock Abbey petitioned the king,</p><br>
<p>stat that they hold certain isles in the sea between Cornwall and Ireland, of which the largest is called Scilly, to which ships come passing between France, Normandy, Spain, Bayonne, Gascony, Scotland, Ireland, Wales and Cornwall: and, because they feel that in the event of a war breaking out between the kings of England and France, or between any of the other places mentioned, they would not have enough power to do justice to these sailors, they ask that they might exchange these islands for lands in Devon, saving the churches on the islands appropriated to them.</p><br>
<p>William le Poer, coroner of Scilly, is recorded in 1305 as being worried about the extent of wrecking in the islands, and sending a petition to the King. The names provide a wide variety of origins, e.g. Robert and Henry Sage (English), Richard de Tregenestre (Cornish), Ace de Veldre (French), Davy Gogch (possibly Welsh, or Cornish), and Adam le Fuiz Yaldicz (Spanish?).</p><br>
<p>It is not known at what point the islanders stopped speaking the Cornish language, but the language seems to have gone into decline in Cornwall beginning in the Late Middle Ages; it was still dominant between the islands and Bodmin at the time of the Reformation, but it suffered an accelerated decline thereafter. The islands appear to have lost the old Celtic language before parts of Penwith on the mainland, in contrast to the history of Irish or Scottish Gaelic.</p><br>
<p>During the English Civil War, the Parliamentarians captured the isles, only to see their garrison mutiny and return the isles to the Royalists. By 1651 the Royalist governor, Sir John Grenville, was using the islands as a base for privateering raids on Commonwealth and Dutch shipping. The Dutch admiral Maarten Tromp sailed to the isles and on arriving on 30 May 1651 demanded compensation. In the absence of compensation or a satisfactory reply, he declared war on England in June. It was during this period that the Three Hundred and Thirty Five Years&#39; War started between the isles and the Netherlands.</p><br>
<p>In June 1651, Admiral Robert Blake recaptured the isles for the Parliamentarians. Blakes initial attack on Old Grimsby failed, but the next attacks succeeded in taking Tresco and Bryher. Blake placed a battery on Tresco to fire on St Marys, but one of the guns exploded, killing its crew and injuring Blake. A second battery proved more successful. Subsequently, Grenville and Blake negotiated terms that permitted the Royalists to surrender honourably. The Parliamentary forces then set to fortifying the islands. They built Cromwells Castle—a gun platform on the west side of Tresco—using materials scavenged from an earlier gun platform further up the hill. Although this poorly sited earlier platform dated back to the 1550s, it is now referred to as King Charless Castle.</p><br>
<p>During the night of 22 October 1707, the isles were the scene of one of the worst maritime disasters in British history, when out of a fleet of 21 Royal Navy ships headed from Gibraltar to Portsmouth, six were driven onto the cliffs. Four of the ships sank or capsized, with at least 1,450 dead, including the commanding admiral Sir Cloudesley Shovell.</p><br>
<p>There is evidence for inundation by the tsunami caused by the 1755 Lisbon earthquake.</p><br>
<p>The islands appear to have been raided frequently by Barbary pirates to enslave residents to support the Barbary slave trade.</p><br>
<h3>Governors of Scilly</h3><br>
<p>An early governor of Scilly was Thomas Godolphin, whose son Francis received a lease on the Isles in 1568. They were styled Governors of Scilly and the Godolphins and their Osborne relatives held this position until 1834. In 1834 Augustus John Smith acquired the lease from the Duchy for £20,000. Smith created the title Lord Proprietor of the Isles of Scilly for himself, and many of his actions were unpopular. The lease remained in his family until it expired for most of the Isles in 1920 when ownership reverted to the Duchy of Cornwall. Today, the Dorrien-Smith estate still holds the lease for the island of Tresco.</p><br>
<p>1568–1608 Sir Francis Godolphin (1540–1608)</p><br>
<p>1608–1613 Sir William Godolphin of Godolphin (1567–1613)</p><br>
<p>1613–1636 William Godolphin (1611–1636)</p><br>
<p>1636–1643 Sidney Godolphin (1610–1643)</p><br>
<p>1643–1646 Sir Francis Godolphin of Godolphin (1605–1647)</p><br>
<p>1647–1648 Anthony Buller (Parliamentarian)</p><br>
<p>1649–1651 Sir John Grenville (Royalist)</p><br>
<p>1651–1660 Joseph Hunkin (Parliamentary control)</p><br>
<p>1660–1667 Sir Francis Godolphin of Godolphin (1605–1667) (restored to office)</p><br>
<p>1667–1700 Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin (1645–1712)</p><br>
<p>1700–1732 Sidney Goldolphin (1652–1732)</p><br>
<p>1733–1766 Francis Godolphin, 2nd Earl of Godolphin (1678–1766)</p><br>
<p>1766–1785 Francis Godolphin, 2nd Baron Godolphin (1706–1785)</p><br>
<p>1785–1799 Francis Osborne, 5th Duke of Leeds (1751–1799)</p><br>
<p>1799–1831 George Osborne, 6th Duke of Leeds (1775–1838)</p><br>
<p>1834–1872 Augustus John Smith (1804–1872)</p><br>
<p>1872–1918 Thomas Algernon Smith-Dorrien-Smith (1846–1918)</p><br>
<p>1918–1920 Arthur Algernon Dorrien-Smith (1876–1955)</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Isles of Scilly form an archipelago of five inhabited islands (six if Gugh is counted separately from St Agnes) and numerous other small rocky islets (around 140 in total) lying 45 km off Land&#39;s End.</p><br>
<p>The islands&#39; position produces a place of great contrast—the ameliorating effect of the sea, greatly influenced by the North Atlantic Current, means they rarely have frost or snow, which allows local farmers to grow flowers well ahead of those in mainland Britain. The chief agricultural product is cut flowers, mostly daffodils. Exposure to Atlantic winds also means that spectacular winter gales lash the islands from time to time. This is reflected in the landscape, most clearly seen on Tresco where the lush Abbey Gardens on the sheltered southern end of the island contrast with the low heather and bare rock sculpted by the wind on the exposed northern end.</p><br>
<p>Natural England has designated the Isles of Scilly as National Character Area 158. As part of a 2002 marketing campaign, the plant conservation charity Plantlife chose sea thrift (Armeria maritima) as the "county flower" of the islands.</p><br>
<p>This table provides an overview of the most important islands:</p><br>
<p>Inhabited until 1855.</p><br>
<p>In 1975 the islands were designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The designation covers the entire archipelago, including the uninhabited islands and rocks, and is the smallest such area in the UK. The islands of Annet and Samson have large terneries and the islands are well populated by seals. The Isles of Scilly are the only British haunt of the lesser white-toothed shrew (Crocidura suaveolens), where it is known locally as a "teak" or "teke".</p><br>
<p>The islands are famous among birdwatchers for their ability to attract rare birds from all corners of the globe. The peak time of year for this is generally in October when it is not unusual for several of the rarest birds in Europe to share this archipelago. One reason for the success of these islands in producing rarities is the extensive coverage these islands get from birdwatchers, but archipelagos are often favoured by rare birds which like to make landfall and eat there before continuing their journeys and often arrive on far flung islands first.</p><br>
<h3>Tidal influx</h3><br>
<p>The tidal range at the Isles of Scilly is high for an open sea location; the maximum for St Marys is 5.99 m. Additionally, the inter-island waters are mostly shallow, which at "spring tides" allows for dry land walking between several of the islands. Many of the northern islands can be reached from Tresco, including Bryher, Samson and St Martins (requires very low tides). From St Martins White Island, Little Ganilly and Great Arthur are reachable. Although the sound between St Marys and Tresco, The Road, is fairly shallow, it never becomes totally dry – but according to some sources it should be possible to wade at extreme low tides. Around St Marys several minor islands become accessible, including Taylors Island on the west coast and Tolls Island on the east coast. From Saint Agnes, Gugh becomes accessible at each low tide, via a tombolo.</p><br>
<h3>Climate</h3><br>
<h3>Geology</h3><br>
<p>All the islands of Scilly are all composed of granite rock of early Permian age, an exposed part of the Cornubian batholith. The Irish Sea Glacier terminated just to the north of the Isles of Scilly during the last Ice Age.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<h2>Government</h2><br>
<h3>National government</h3><br>
<p>Politically, the islands are part of England, one of the four countries of the United Kingdom. They are represented in the UK Parliament as part of the St Ives constituency. As part of the United Kingdom, the islands are part of the European Union and are represented in the European Parliament as part of the multi-member South West England constituency.</p><br>
<h3>Local government</h3><br>
<p>See also: Council of the Isles of Scilly</p><br>
<p>Historically, the Isles of Scilly were administered as one of the hundreds of Cornwall, although the Cornwall quarter sessions had limited jurisdiction there. For judicial purposes, shrievalty purposes, and lieutenancy purposes, the Isles of Scilly are "deemed to form part of the county of Cornwall". The archipelago is part of the Duchy of Cornwall – the duchy owns the freehold of most of the land on the islands and the duke exercises certain formal rights and privileges across the territory, as he does in Cornwall proper.</p><br>
<p>The Local Government Act 1888 allowed the Local Government Board to establish in the Isles of Scilly "councils and other local authorities separate from those of the county of Cornwall"... "for the application to the islands of any act touching local government." Accordingly, in 1890 the Isles of Scilly Rural District Council (the RDC) was formed as a sui generis unitary authority, outside the administrative county of Cornwall. Cornwall County Council provided some services to the Isles, for which the RDC made financial contributions. The Isles of Scilly Order 1930 granted the Council the "powers, duties and liabilities" of a county council. Section 265 of the Local Government Act 1972 allowed for the continued existence of the RDC, but renamed as the Council of the Isles of Scilly.</p><br>
<p>This unusual status also means that much administrative law (for example relating to the functions of local authorities, the health service and other public bodies) that applies in the rest of England applies in modified form in the islands.</p><br>
<p>The Council of the Isles of Scilly is a separate authority to the Cornwall Council unitary authority, and as such the islands are not part of the administrative county of Cornwall. However the islands are still considered to be part of the ceremonial county of Cornwall.</p><br>
<p>With a total population of just over 2,000, the council represents fewer inhabitants than many English parish councils, and is by far the smallest English unitary council., 130 people are employed full-time by the council to provide local services (including water supply and air traffic control). These numbers are significant, in that almost 10% of the adult population of the islands is directly linked to the council, as an employee or a councillor.</p><br>
<p>The Council consists of 21 elected councillors — 13 of whom are returned by the ward of St Marys, and two from each of four "off-island" wards (St Martins, St Agnes, Bryher, and Tresco). The latest elections took place on 2 May 2013; all 20 elected were independents (one seat remained vacant).</p><br>
<p>The council is headquartered at Town Hall, by The Parade park in Hugh Town, and also performs the administrative functions of the AONB Partnership and the Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority.</p><br>
<p>Some aspects of local government are shared with Cornwall, including health, and the Council of the Isles of Scilly together with Cornwall Council form a Local Enterprise Partnership. In July 2015 a devolution deal was announced by the government under which Cornwall Council and the Council of the Isles of Scilly are to create a plan to bring health and social care services together under local control. The Local Enterprise Partnership is also to be bolstered.</p><br>
<h3>Flags</h3><br>
<p>Two flags are used to represent Scilly:</p><br>
<p>The Scillonian Cross, selected by readers of Scilly News in a 2002 vote and then registered with the Flag Institute as the flag of the islands.</p><br>
<p>The flag of the Council of the Isles of Scilly, which incorporates the council&#39;s logo and represents the council.</p><br>
<p>An adapted version of the old Board of Ordnance flag has also been used, after it was left behind when munitions were removed from the isles. The "Cornish Ensign" (the Cornish cross with the Union Jack in the canton) has also been used.</p><br>
<h3>Emergency services</h3><br>
<p>The Isles of Scilly form part of the Devon and Cornwall Police force area. There is a police station in Hugh Town.</p><br>
<p>The Cornwall Air Ambulance helicopter provides cover to the islands.</p><br>
<p>The islands have their own independent fire brigade – the Isles of Scilly Fire and Rescue Service – which is staffed entirely by retained firefighters on all the inhabited islands.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Education is available on the islands up to age 16. There is one school, the Five Islands School, which provides primary schooling at sites on St Agnes, St Marys, St Martins and Tresco, and secondary schooling at a site on St Marys. Secondary students from outside St Marys live at a school boarding house (Mundesley House) during the week. In 2004, 92.9% of pupils (26 out of 28) achieved five or more GCSEs at grade C and above, compared to the English average of 53.7%. Sixteen- to eighteen-year-olds are entitled to a free sixth form place at a state school or sixth form college on the mainland, and are provided with free flights and a grant towards accommodation. Post eighteen, suitably qualified students attend universities and colleges on the mainland.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<h3>Historical context</h3><br>
<p>Since the mid-18th century the Scillonian economy has relied on trade with the mainland and beyond as a means of sustaining its population. Over the years the nature of this trade has varied, due to wider economic and political factors that have seen the rise and fall of industries such as kelp harvesting, pilotage, smuggling, fishing, shipbuilding and, latterly, flower farming. In a 1987 study of the Scillonian economy, Neate found that many farms on the islands were struggling to remain profitable due to increasing costs and strong competition from overseas producers, with resulting diversification into tourism. Recent statistics suggest that agriculture on the islands now represents less than 2% of all employment.</p><br>
<h3>Tourism</h3><br>
<p>Today, tourism is estimated to account for 85% of the islands income. The islands have been successful in attracting this investment due to their special environment, favourable summer climate, relaxed culture, efficient co-ordination of tourism providers and good transport links by sea and air to the mainland, uncommon in scale to similar-sized island communities. The majority of visitors stay on St Marys, which has a concentration of holiday accommodation and other amenities. Of the other inhabited islands, Tresco is run as a timeshare resort, and is consequently the most obviously tourist-oriented. Bryher and St Martin&#39;s are more unspoilt, although each has a hotel and other accommodation. St Agnes has no hotel and is the least-developed of the inhabited islands.</p><br>
<p>The islands&#39; economy is highly dependent on tourism, even by the standards of other island communities. “The concentration a small number of sectors is typical of most similarly sized UK island communities. However, it is the degree of concentration, which is distinctive along with the overall importance of tourism within the economy as a whole and the very limited manufacturing base that stands out.”</p><br>
<p>Tourism is also a highly seasonal industry owing to its reliance on outdoor recreation, and the lower number of tourists in winter results in a significant constriction of the islands&#39; commercial activities. However, the tourist season benefits from an extended period of business in October when many birdwatchers ("birders") arrive.</p><br>
<h4>Ornithology</h4><br>
<p>Because of its position, Scilly is the first landing for many migrant birds, including extreme rarities from North America and Siberia. Scilly is situated far into the Atlantic Ocean, so many American vagrant birds will make first European landfall in the archipelago.</p><br>
<p>Scilly is responsible for many firsts for Britain, and is particularly good at producing vagrant American passerines. If an extremely rare bird turns up, the island will see a significant increase in numbers of birders. This type of birding, chasing after rare birds, is called "twitching".</p><br>
<p>The islands are home to ornithologist Will Wagstaff.</p><br>
<h3>Employment</h3><br>
<p>The predominance of tourism means that "tourism is by far the main sector throughout each of the individual islands, in terms of employment... this is much greater than other remote and rural areas in the United Kingdom”. Tourism accounts for approximately 63% of all employment.</p><br>
<p>Businesses dependent on tourism, with the exception of a few hotels, tend to be small enterprises typically employing fewer than four people; many of these are family run, suggesting an entrepreneurial culture among the local population. However, much of the work generated by this, with the exception of management, is low skilled and thus poorly paid, especially for those involved in cleaning, catering and retail.</p><br>
<p>Because of the seasonality of tourism, many jobs on the islands are seasonal and part-time, so work cannot be guaranteed throughout the year. Some islanders take up other temporary jobs ‘out of season’ to compensate for this. Due to a lack of local casual labour at peak holiday times, many of the larger employers accommodate guest workers, who come to the islands for the summer to have a ‘working holiday’.</p><br>
<h3>Taxation</h3><br>
<p>The islands were not subject to income tax until 1954, and there was no motor vehicle excise duty levied until 1971.</p><br>
<h3>Transport</h3><br>
<p>St Marys is the only island with a significant road network and the only island with public highways; in 2005 there were 619 registered vehicles on the island. The island also has taxis and a tour bus. Vehicles on the islands are exempt from annual MOT tests. Roads and streets across Scilly have very few signs or markings, and route numbers (of the three A roads on St Marys) are not marked at all.</p><br>
<p>Air access to the islands is via St Marys Airport. Fixed-wing aircraft services, operated by Isles of Scilly Skybus, operate from Lands End, Newquay and Exeter. The scheduled helicopter service, which previously linked Penzance Heliport with St Mary&#39;s Airport and Tresco Heliport, ceased at the end of October 2012; Tresco Heliport is now closed to scheduled services.</p><br>
<p>By sea, the Isles of Scilly Steamship Company provides a passenger and cargo service from Penzance to St Marys, which is currently operated by the Scillonian III passenger ferry, supported until summer 2017 by the Gry Maritha cargo vessel and now by the Mali Rose. The other islands are linked to St. Marys by a network of inter-island launches. St Mary&#39;s Harbour is the principal harbour of the Isles of Scilly, and is located in Hugh Town.</p><br>
<h3>Tenure</h3><br>
<p>The freehold land of the islands is the property of the Duchy of Cornwall (except for Hugh Town on St Marys, which was sold to the inhabitants in 1949). The duchy also holds 3,921 acre as duchy property, part of the duchys landholding. All the uninhabited islands, islets and rocks and much of the untenanted land on the inhabited islands is managed by the Isles of Scilly Wildlife Trust, which leases these lands from the Duchy for the rent of one daffodil per year. The trust currently has four full-time salaried staff and 12 trustees, who are all residents of the Isles. The full trust board is responsible for policy whilst a management team is responsible for day-to-day administration. Its small income and the small number of staff have led to the trust adopting a policy of recruiting volunteers to help it carry out its extensive work programme. While volunteers of all ages are welcome, most are young people who are studying for qualifications in related fields, such as conservation and land management.</p><br>
<p>Limited housing availability is a contentious yet critical issue for the Isles of Scilly, especially as it affects the feasibility of residency on the islands. Few properties are privately owned, with many units being let by the Duchy of Cornwall, the council and a few by housing associations. The management of these subsequently affects the possibility of residency on the islands. The Duchy Tenants Association was formed in 1996 by a number of tenants of the Duchy of Cornwall.</p><br>
<p>Housing demand outstrips supply; a problem compounded by restrictions on further development designed to protect the islands unique environment and prevent the infrastructural carrying capacity from being exceeded. This has pushed up the prices of the few private properties that become available and, significantly for the majority of the islands populations, it has also affects the rental sector where rates have likewise drastically increased.</p><br>
<p>High housing costs pose significant problems for the local population, especially as local incomes (in Cornwall) are only 70% of the national average, whilst house prices are almost £5,000 higher than the national average. This in turn affects the retention of ‘key workers’ and the younger generation, which consequently affects the viability of schools and other essential community services.</p><br>
<p>The limited access to housing provokes strong local politics. It is often assumed that tourism is to blame for this, attracting newcomers to the area who can afford to outbid locals for available housing. Many buildings are used for tourist accommodation which reduces the number available for local residents. Second homes are also thought to account for a significant proportion of the housing stock, leaving many buildings empty for much of the year.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<h3>People</h3><br>
<p>According to the 2001 UK census, 97% of the population of the islands are white British, Since EU enlargement in 2004, a number of eastern Europeans have moved to the island, joining the Australians, New Zealanders and South Africans who traditionally made up most of the islands overseas workers. By 2005, their numbers were estimated at nearly 100 out of a total population of just over 2,000. This has been called the land that crime forgot&#39;.</p><br>
<h3>Sport</h3><br>
<p>One continuing legacy of the isles&#39; past is gig racing, wherein fast rowing boats ("gigs") with crews of six (or in one case, seven) race between the main islands. Gig racing has been said to derive from the race to collect salvage from shipwrecks on the rocks around Scilly, but the race was actually to deliver a pilot onto incoming vessels, to guide them through the hazardous reefs and shallows. (The boats are correctly termed "pilot gigs"). The World Pilot Gig Championships are held annually over the May Day bank holiday weekend. The event originally involved crews from the Islands and a few crews from Cornwall, but in the intervening years the number of gigs attending has increased, with crews coming from all over the South-West and further afield.</p><br>
<p>The Isles of Scilly feature what is reportedly the smallest football league in the world, the Isles of Scilly Football League. The leagues two clubs, Woolpack Wanderers and Garrison Gunners, play each other 17 times each season and compete for two cups and for the league title. The league was a launching pad for the Adidas "Dream Big" Campaign in which a number of famous professional footballers (including David Beckham) arrive on the island to coach the local childrens side. The two share a ground, Garrison Field, but travel to the mainland for part of the year to play other non-professional clubs.</p><br>
<p>In December 2006, Sport England published a survey which revealed that residents of the Isles of Scilly were the most active in England in sports and other fitness activities. 32% of the population participate at least three times a week for 30 minutes or more.</p><br>
<p>There is a golf club with a nine-hole course (each with two tees) situated on the island of St Mary&#39;s, near Porthloo and Telegraph. The club was founded in 1904 and is open to visitors.</p><br>
<h3>Media</h3><br>
<p>The islands are served by a radio and television transmitter at Telegraph, on St Marys, which is a relay of the main transmitter at Redruth (Cornwall) and broadcasts BBC Radio 1, 2, 3, 4 and BBC Radio Cornwall and the range of Freeview television and BBC radio channels known as Freeview Light&#39;. Radio Scilly, a community radio station, was launched in September 2007.</p><br>
<p>There is no local newspaper; Scilly Now & Then is a free community magazine produced eight times a year and is available to mainland subscribers while The Scillonian is published twice yearly and reports matters of local interest. There is an active news forum on the news and information websites scillytoday.com and thisisscilly.com.</p><br>
<p>Internet access is available across the inhabited islands by means of superfast fibre broadband by BT. The islands connected via fibre are St. Marys, Tresco and Bryher. St. Martins, St. Agnes and Gugh are connected via a new fibre microwave link from St. Marys, with fibre cabinets on each island, including Gugh.</p><br>
<p>Mobile phone coverage is available across the archipelago, with 2G, 3G and 4G services available across all islands, although coverage does vary between operators. Vodafone and O2 provide strong 4G coverage across all the islands, whilst EE&#39;s is somewhat limited beyond Gugh towards St. Agnes. Three provide 3G coverage to all the islands, and 4G is due shortly.</p><br>
<p>The Isles of Scilly were featured on the TV programme Seven Natural Wonders as one of the wonders of South West England. Since 2007 the islands have featured in the BBC series An Island Parish, following various real-life stories and featuring in particular the newly appointed Chaplain to the Isles of Scilly. A 12-part series was filmed in 2007 and first broadcast on BBC2 in January 2008. After Reverend David Easton left the islands in 2009, the series continued under the same name but focused elsewhere.</p><br>
<h3>Novels</h3><br>
<p>The heroine of Walter Besant&#39;s novel Armorel of Lyonesse came from Samson, and about half the action of the novel takes place in the Isles of Scilly.</p><br>
<p>The events of Nevil Shute&#39;s novel Marazan occur, in part, around these islands.</p><br>
<p>Five children&#39;s books written by Michael Morpurgo, Why the Whales Came, The Sleeping Sword, The Wreck of the Zanzibar, Arthur, High King of Britain and Listen to the Moon are set around the Isles of Scilly.</p><br>
<p>The Riddle of Samson, a novel by Andrew Garve (a pen name of Paul Winterton) is set mainly around the Isles of Scilly.</p><br>
<p>In Jacob&#39;s Room, by Virginia Woolf, the hero and a friend of his sail around the islands.</p><br>
<p>The novels that make up The Cortes Trilogy by John Paul Davis take place in the Isles of Scilly.</p><br>
<p>Stone In the Blood by Colin Jordan & David England is set on the islands both in 1974 and the Iron Age, when most of Scilly was still one joined landmass.</p><br>
<h3>Song</h3><br>
<p>Scilly is mentioned in the traditional British naval song "Spanish Ladies".</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Saint Lide was a bishop who lived on the island of St Helen&#39;s in the Isles of Scilly.</p><br>
<p>John Godolphin (1617 in Scilly – 1678) was an English jurist and writer, an admiralty judge under the Commonwealth.</p><br>
<p>Augustus John Smith (1804 in London – 1872 in Plymouth) was Lord Proprietor of the Isles of Scilly for over thirty years. In 1834 he acquired the lease on the Isles of Scilly from the Duchy of Cornwall for £20,000. He was Liberal MP for Truro from 1857 to 1865.</p><br>
<p>Sir Frederick Hervey-Bathurst, 3rd Baronet (1807 in Scilly – 1881 in Wiltshire) was a famous English cricketer</p><br>
<p>John Edmund Sharrock Moore ARCS (1870 in Rossendale – 1947 in Penzance) was an English biologist, best known for leading two expeditions to Tanganyika. During the 1920s he moved to Tresco.</p><br>
<p>David Hunt (1934 in Devonport – 1985 in India) was an English ornithologist and horticulturalist in Tresco and at the Island Hotel where he became the gardener in 1964. He was killed by a tiger in India</p><br>
<p>Stella Turk, MBE (1925 Scilly – 2017 in Cambourne) was a British zoologist, naturalist, and conservationist. She was known for her activities in marine biology and conservation, particularly as it applies to marine molluscs and mammals.</p><br>
<p>Sam Llewellyn (born 1948 in Tresco) is a British author of literature for children and adults.</p><br>
<p>Stephen Richard Menheniott (1957 – 1976) was an 18-year-old English man with learning difficulties who was murdered by his father on the Isles of Scilly in 1976</p><br>
<p>Malcolm Bell (born 1969 in Hugh Town) is a former English cricketer. Bell was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace.</p><br>
<p>Georgias Old Governors Mansion is a historic house museum located on the campus of Georgia College & State University  at 120 South Clarke Street in Milledgeville, Georgia. Built in 1839, it is one of the finest examples of Greek Revival architecture in the American South, and was designated a National Historic Landmark for its architecture in 1973. It served as Georgias executive mansion from 1839- 1868, and has from 1889 been a university property, serving for a time as its official presidents residence. It is an accredited museum of the American Alliance of Museums and in 2015 was named an affiliate of the Smithsonian Institution.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Georgias Old Governors Mansion is located in central Milledgeville, just south of the central campus of Georgia College at the corner of Clarke and Greene Streets. It is set on a manicured parcel, its street-facing sides lined by a brick retaining wall topped by a low white fence. The main house is rectangular, two stories in height, built of stuccoed brick with a hip roof capped by a small circular cupola. The main facade faces west toward Clarke Street, and has a four-columned Greek temple portico projecting at its center. The portico is supported by smooth Ionic brick columns with granite bases and capitals, and it supports an entablature and fully pedimented gable. The entablature is continued around the sides of the building, with pilastered corners. Windows have simple stone sills, and arched stone lintels.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was built in 1839 to a design by Charles B. Cluskey, and is considered to be one of his finest works. It was the first of Georgias three official mansions and one unofficial mansion, located in two different cities. It was home to eight governors and their families from 1839 – 1868. Governor Joseph E Brown led Georgia through the Civil War while living in the Mansion. During the Civil War, the Mansion was claimed as a "prize" during General Shermans "March to the Sea" and Sherman made the Mansion his headquarters, spending the night of November 23, 1864 in the Mansions family dining room.</p><br>
<p>Following the loss of the capital, The Mansion was used as a boarding house until from 1868 - 1879, when the state loaned it to the newly organized Georgia Military and Agricultural College, and then to Georgia Normal and Industrial College, now Georgia College. The mansion served as the latter school&#39;s first dormitory, with the presidential apartment on the second floor. The school began offering tours of the ground floor in 1967.</p><br>
<p>In the early 2000s the college had the building restored to its c. 1851 appearance during a $9.5 million restoration, and opened it as a historic house museum devoted to the history of the building and its many occupants. Today, the Mansion is open to the public for tours that focus on the history of the building, its occupants both free and enslaved, and the myriad complexities of Antebellum society in Georgia and its history. Georgias Old Governors Mansions mission statement is "to care for, collect, interpret and exhibit items (including artifacts, structures, and gardens) that illustrate the history of the site and its inhabitants during the years the Mansion was the official residence of Georgias governors (1839–1868)."</p><br>
<p>Georgias Old Governors Mansion is open to the public Tuesdays–Saturdays 10am to 4pm and Sundays 2pm to 4pm with tours on the top of every hour and the last tour of the day at 4pm.</p><br>
<p>African Cemetery No. 2, also known as The Cemetery of the Union Benevolent Society No. 2, is a historic burial site located in Lexington, Kentucky, United States.</p><br>
<h2>Founding and history</h2><br>
<p>The first burials occurred on the property as early as the 1820s. The Colored Peoples Union Benevolent Society No. 2 purchased the property for use as a cemetery in 1869. The last burials in the cemetery took place in 1974.</p><br>
<p>In 1889, 300 bodies were moved from the Presbyterian Cemetery on Limestone Street to African Cemetery No. 2 under the supervision of C. O. H. Thomas.</p><br>
<p>In 1973, Lexington city government took control of the cemetery. In 1979, the African Cemetery No. 2, Incorporated was organized to save the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>In June 2003, a Kentucky Historical Highway Marker was placed on the site. The cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 31, 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Burials</h2><br>
<p>The eight acre (3.2 ha) cemetery contains over 5,000 graves, of which 1,200 are identified with less than 600 being recognized with markers.</p><br>
<p>Clarence Espy was one of the soldiers who served with the 369th Infantry, the regiment which became known as the "Harlem Hell Fighters". Espy, a native of Lexington, was awarded the Croix de Guerre, France&#39;s highest military honor.</p><br>
<p>R. C. O. Benjamin, a journalist and an attorney, was murdered on October 2, 1900, during an altercation involving voting rights for African Americans. In 1910, a monument was dedicated at his grave site.</p><br>
<p>Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame jockey, Isaac Burns Murphy was originally buried in African Cemetery No. 2. Murphy, the first jockey to win three Kentucky Derbys, died February 12, 1896, of pneumonia. In 1967, his remains were moved to the Man o&#39; War grave site off Russell Cave Road, and was moved again in 1987 to the Kentucky Horse Park.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>On April 4, 2002, volunteers from Canine Solutions International searched, mapped, and studied the physical grounds of the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The approach to preserving the cemetery grave stones was the subject of a paper by M. Riegerta and A. Turkington. The paper published in Building and Environment discusses the "scientific knowledge of decay processes with conservation theory and the needs of stakeholders".</p><br>
<p>The Old State House on College Hill in Providence, Rhode Island, known also as Providence Sixth District Court House, Providence Colony House, Providence County House, or Rhode Island State House is located on 150 Benefit Street. It is a brick Georgian-style building completed largely in 1762. It was used as the meeting place for the colonial and state legislatures for 149 years.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>From colonial times to the mid-19th century, the Rhode Island General Assembly rotated meetings between the state&#39;s five county court houses, and five of these former Rhode Island state houses survive today. In 1760 The General Assembly built the Old State House to replace an earlier wooden courthouse built 1730 on Meeting Street. It was largely finished by 1762 with some details being completed by 1771. Many of the Georgian architecture details were borrowed from the larger and more ornate Newport Colony House. Before 19th century alterations to the Providence State House, the two buildings resembled one another greatly. After 1853 the state legislature ceased meeting at Kent, Washington and Bristol county courthouses, but continued to alternate its sessions between here and the Newport State House in Newport into the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The building was extensively renovated and dramatically altered several times in the 19th century. The first of these occurred in 1835–36 and 1840, and consisted of rearrangement of large portions of the interior. It was again altered in 1850, when Thomas A. Tefft of Tallman & Bucklin added the large tower facing Main Street, and a reorganization of nearly the entire interior. In 1867 James C. Bucklin designed an addition on Benefit Street that nearly doubled the size of the building. Both of these additions were sympathetic to the building&#39;s original design. The building was refurbished in 1877–1883, to designs by Stone & Carpenter.</p><br>
<p>The building served as the legislature&#39;s meeting place until 1901, when the new Rhode Island State House began being occupied. The building was completely finished in 1904, and it was decided to use the old building as a courthouse. Major internal alterations by Banning & Thornton were completed in 1906, and the building re-opened as the Sixth District Courthouse.</p><br>
<p>At the Old State House on May 4, 1776, the General Assembly declared its independence renouncing its allegiance to the British crown, and the date is now celebrated as Rhode Island Independence Day. Debates about slavery occurred in the building in the late 18th century. George Washington visited the building in 1781 and 1790. By 1901 the new Rhode Island State House was occupied on Smith Hill and the legislature vacated the Old State House. The Old State House was used as a Court House until 1975 and was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 and as part of the College Hill Historic Landmark District in 1971.</p><br>
<p>The building is now home to the Rhode Island Historical Preservation Commission.</p><br>
<h2>Layout</h2><br>
<p>A open space hall for public meeting was located on the main floor and later became a courtroom.</p><br>
<p>On the second floor was the House of Representatives and Senate chambers. Additional space was create for the Governors and Secretary of States offices.</p><br>
<p>The Cloquet Valley State Forest encompasses 327,098 acre; 48,384 acre of which  are Minnesota Department of Natural Resources forestry administered lands.</p><br>
<p>Located in southeast Saint Louis County, the Cloquet Valley State Forest is located about 20 mi north of Duluth and 25 mi southeast of Virginia, in Minnesota&#39;s Arrowhead region. It spreads out over east–central Saint Louis County, generally in areas just north of the city of Duluth, but extending into the valleys of the Ush-kab-wan River, Whiteface River, and Cloquet River, for which it is named. The city of Cloquet is located in adjacent Carlton County.</p><br>
<p>Recreational activities offered at the Indian Lake campground within the forest include camping, fishing, and a canoe route on the Cloquet River.</p><br>
<p>The Superior National Forest is located immediately north of the Cloquet Valley State Forest.</p><br>
<p>Saint Louis County Road 4 and County Road 44 are two of the main routes in the Cloquet Valley State Forest area. County Road 4 runs north–south through the middle of the forest between Island Lake and the community of Markham. County Road 44 runs north–south through the eastern portion of the forest, passing through the community of Brimson at the northeast corner of the forest.</p><br>
<p>County Road 52 runs east–west through the northwest part of the forest, east of Cotton, passing through the community of Whiteface.</p><br>
<p>County Road 49 runs east–west through the western portion of the forest. The majority of CR 49 is unpaved gravel surface.</p><br>
<p>Harris Road runs east–west through the southwest part of the forest. The entire route of Harris Road is unpaved gravel surface.</p><br>
<p>County Road 547 runs generally east–west through the northern portion of the forest in two separate segments. The first section of CR 547 runs between Whiteface towards Markham. The second section of CR 547 runs from near Markham to Brimson. The entire route of CR 547 is unpaved gravel surface.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Lake Mohawk is a private reservoir located about 1.5 mi south of Malvern, Ohio, USA and 2.5 mi east of Waynesburg, Ohio. It resides in Brown Township and Harrison Township. The lake is relatively small, being a private lake containing 0.7922 square miles of water with a maximum depth of 30 ft. There is only one place to put in boats, however, there are 13 public access docks that can hold boats that can be rented for a fee. The lake is formed by Lake Mohawk Dam across Middle Run, a tributary of Sandy Creek.</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<p>The flora contained in the lake mostly amounts to Spirogyra and Curly-leaf Pondweed. Also in fall and winter months it may contain Scenedesmus and Microcystis. The weed coverage is Leafy Pondweed, Naiad, Eurasian Watermilfoil, and Sago Pondweed.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Some types of fish that reside in the lake are Largemouth and Smallmouth bass, Crappie, Yellow perch, Bluegill, Walleye, sunfish, and 2 varieties of catfish, Mud Catfish and Blue catfish. There is also a no-release policy on Alaskan Pike.</p><br>
<h2>Lake community</h2><br>
<p>The community was established in 1963 by the American Realty Service Corporation on 1,728 acre of property. The lake is inside a gated community which contains approximately 1,700 property lots that are privately owned. There are 3 beaches: Main Beach, West Beach, and South Beach. There are volleyball courts on the Main Beach with tennis courts nearby. The Main Beach also hosts a large pavilion and clubhouse that can be rented out, along with 3 smaller pavilions on the beach. The Main Beach has a large play area with swings and a jungle-gym. There is a designated swimming area along the shoreline of the beach. The Main Beach also holds the private ski club dock that is used by the Lake Mohawk Water Ski Club. Near the main gate entrance is the golf course which is a 9 hole, par 3 course. There is a small green fee to play. The 2010 census found 1,652 people in 669 occupied dwellings, with 315 vacant dwellings.</p><br>
<h2>Surrounding communities</h2><br>
<p>Outside of the Main Gate, but still part of lake property, is a recreational park that contains a baseball field, basketball court, shuffleboard courts, and biking trail. In addition to the Main Gate, there are also 2 other gates: Keno Road Gate and Lace Road Gate, that are only accessible with a key card. A guard house allows visitors in, thus contractors and shipping trucks may enter through the Main Gate only. Most children and teenagers go to Brown Local School District that contains one high school, one middle school and one elementary school.</p><br>
